Air Pollution Of Beijing And China - 1315 Words

Abstract: In the past few years, the air pollution in Beijing becomes more and more serious. Frequent smog weather cause social disordered and serious harm to the health of residents. The number of respiratory diseases increased. Citizens live in a bad living condition. Because of the smog, we have to stop all outdoor works and activities. It also caused great economic losses. So we must do some thing to control the air pollution. Keywords: air pollution, control measures, Beijing Introduction: As is well known and commonly accepted, Beijing, as the capital of China, is famous for its magnificent cultural heritage around the world. However, the problem of air pollution in Beijing is also the focus of attention. The air pollution in Beijing has a long history. Trace back to 1966, Zhou Enlai, the most respectable premier in China, thought Beijing was falling into the trouble of pollution, when he looked at the smog in the Sky. Unfortunately, in the past few decades, the misgiving of Zhou has been real that the condition of the air pollution has been getting worse, which has caused negative effect on the cultural city. For example, the meteorological observation in 1998 showed that the weeks of air pollution index (API) in the Beijing area which was up to Level 4 increased by 40%, from 14 weeks to 20 weeks in the whole year of 1998 (Huang Guanzheng 36). Back in the start of 2013, PM 2.5 exceeded the detectable limit for several days (Huang Guanzheng 36). Similarly,Show MoreRelatedChina s Massive Pollution Problem918 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Air pollution is defined as any substances absorb into atmosphere, and these substances harm the living things and environment† (Dictionary). As dictionary mentioned, during development of the Beijing for 10 years, air has been contaminated by emission of gases and smog from industrial factories whose number has been increasing. A number of particles and dusts damage to people’s health and their life style. People are always concerning about daily concentration of particles. Even though they struggleRead MoreEssay On Air Pollution1500 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Pollution is when a harmful or poisonous gas is emitted in the presence of air that can be very harmful to the environment even for humans, especially when we don’t do anything . We might think that pollution is not really a problem in the world but it is one major problem and some countries are suffering from it now. There are many ways that we can stop pollution about but we just don’t really take matter of it, if people will just observe how pollution is affecting the environmentRead MoreHow Pollution Affects The People Of Beijing777 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Pollution in Beijing has exceeded the ‘Very unhealthy’ alert and is now rated unlivable. People in Beijing are advised to avoid going outside wherever possible. Good morning/afternoon everyone. I m here today to raise awareness about air pollution in Beijing, the capital city of china. What is Pollution? Pollution is defined as the process of harmful substances being released into the air. Some of these substances include Carbon Monoxide, Sulphur dioxide, Lead and PM2.5. PM2.5 is smallRead MoreThe Air Quality Of China Urban Cities1746 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Air Quality in China Urban Cities? China is developing at an unprecedented fast pace in recent years, it is now the second largest economy in the worldwide with at least 7 percent annual growth in gross domestic product (GDP) (See Appendix A). Unfortunately, this rapid economic growth comes with a price, excessive use of fossil fuel leads to a very serious environmental issues to people’s habitats, and the air they breathe every day. The environmental pollution, especially air pollution hasRead MorePollution Is A Serious Problem?1320 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish 1106 6 March 2016 pollution in china In the paper, I argue that what types of pollution in china by introducing the situation and problems in china. Following the development of economic and scientific, China is playing a very important role in the international arena. Increasing the number of people become rich. they can buy the new car, big house, and expensive clothes. In many people s opinions that China is becoming strong and rich. But they do not know China is also facing a seriousRead MoreAffected And Benefited Population . It Is Very Hard To1379 Words   |  6 PagesAffected and benefited population It is very hard to believe someone actually benefits from China’s air pollution, but it is true. For those companies that manufacture filter masks and air purifications products, they make dibs on the air pollution. Air purifiers market will grow at a compound annual growth rate of 18% during 2016 to 2021, according to TechSci Research Report. Those who can afford the price would like to install purifiers at homes, schools, offices, subway stations, airports andRead MoreAir Pollution in My Hometown1387 Words   |  6 Pages In the past few months, my hometown has suffered severe air pollution problems. The smog caused by pollution has existed for years in major cities in China, including Beijing, Shanghai and my hometown. Most of urban areas in middle and northern China are struggling with air pollution, even some tropical regions could be affected. Surrounded by the fantastic fresh air in Seattle, I felt frustrated about the bad pollution problems in China. Every time I enjo y the beautiful skyline and sunshine inRead MoreAir Pollution As A Growing Problem1530 Words   |  7 Pagescentury, air pollution has become one of the most popular topics related to people’s healthy life. After the Second World War, the consumption of fossil energy increase sharply due to the rapid development of industry and transportation, however, there almost no relevant environmental regulations to control the negative effects caused by industrial emissions. Therefore, air pollution became a growing problem. This paper will compare the conditions of air pollution between Los Angeles and Beijing, andRead MoreA Strategy For Reducing Air Pollution911 Words   |  4 PagesSUBJECT A strategy for reducing Air Pollution in Beijing by 2022. PURPOSE The purpose of the paper is to recommend options to reduce air pollution in Beijing. BACKGROUND China’s fastest growing economy is often referred in coupled with the clogging pollution of its cities. The air pollution in Beijing remains among the worst in the world and thus has drawn alarming environmental attention. It’s devastating effects on mankind and environment is a serious challenge China has been facing over the lastRead MoreChina s Struggle With Air Pollution901 Words   |  4 PagesOn October 1st, 1949, the People’s Republic of China officially became a country and a player on the world stage. Since then, China has entered a new Communist era of stability, with the Reform and Opening Up policies of 1978 bringing in China’s phenomenal economic growth (Tisdell, 2008). However, with these advances in industry come a downside: air pollution. Since the early 1980s, air pollution levels have been climbing to dangerous levels. However, in 2013, the scales tipped for the worst

Assessment Critique Free Essays

Assessment Critique Sandra Whitney California State University, Northridge SPED 501 M/M Dr. Haney A. General Information The Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement, Second Edition (KTEA-II) is an individually administered measure of academic achievement for ages 4. We will write a custom essay sample on Assessment Critique or any similar topic only for you Order Now 5 through 25. The test is available in 2 versions. The Brief Form assesses achievement in reading, math and written expression. The Comprehensive Form covers reading, math, written language, and oral language. It also provides an analysis of students’ errors. Examiners can obtain a Comprehensive Achievement Composite in about 30 minutes for younger children and 85 minutes for the oldest students. The Comprehensive Form has 2 independent, parallel forms (A and B). The KTEA-II was written by Alan and Nadeen Kaufman and is published by AGS Publishing. B. Brief Description of Test Scoring Types of Scores Derived The KTEA-II was designed to measure student progress. Some of its applications include assessing achievement, identifying processes, analyzing errors, program planning, measuring academic progress, evaluating interventions/programs, and making placement decisions. After reviewing the Manual, I believe the KTEA-II would be a good measure of academic achievement and student progress. The KTEA-II’s authors examined literature reviews and recommendations from experts in different subject areas in order to define which skills should be measured in each achievement domain. Three national tryouts of the KTEAII Comprehensive Form Materials were conducted between 2000 and 2001. These trials illustrated whether each subtest had enough items to be reliable and provided adequate coverage of skills at each grade level. They also allowed for statistical analysis to identify and modify/remove items that had poor discrimination or were differentially difficult according to sex or ethnicity. Finally, the tryouts provided valuable information regarding item difficulties that was necessary for constructing standardization forms that would be parallel in content and level of examinee performance. I believe the KTEA-II is well designed. I especially like the fact that it provides a Clinical Analysis of Errors and that the authors utilized input from experts when designing/selecting test items. The analysis of errors can help a teacher identify specific areas in which the student demonstrates weak, average, or strong skill development. I feel the KTEA-II’s design and norms make it suitable for most populations between the ages of 4. 5 and 25. As a special educator, a real positive feature is the inclusion of examinees with special classification or diagnosis. However, I do not feel the KTEA-II is suitable for English Language Learners. The manual specifically states that the test was normed to represent the US population of children and young adults who speak English. C: Validity, Normative Population Data, Types of Scores Derived The norm sample consisted of 3,000 examinees aged 4? through 25. The grade norms are based on 2,400 of the examinees in Grades K-12. The standardization took place from September 2001 through May 2003. All age levels had between 100 and 200 participants, except age 19, which had 80. The KTEA-II sample was based on the 2001 Current population Survey and designed to match the US population with regards to sex, parent education, ethnicity, and educational status of examinees aged 18 to 25. The sample was representative in terms of geographic region, with a few exceptions at a couple of age levels. Examinees with special disability classification or diagnosis were also included in the standardization sample. These participants had a specific learning disability, speech/language impairment, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, mental retardation, emotional/behavioral disturbance or were gifted and talented. One shortcoming in the norms is the failure to provide a breakdown of rural/urban participants. For internal consistency, the overall Comprehensive Achievement composite coefficient was very reliable at (. 97). The core composites for Reading (. 96), Mathematics (. 96), and Written Language (. 93) are also highly reliable. However, the Oral Language composite (. 87) and Oral Fluency (. 85) fall below the desired (. 90) standard for reliability. The Sound-Symbol and Decoding composites are adequately reliable at all age levels. Because of the format for the subtests for the Reading Fluency composite, it is not possible to evaluate the internal consistency. The internal consistency coefficients are lower for subtests than composites. Most of the Reading and Mathematics subtests, and the Spelling subtest coefficients are sufficiently reliable. The majority of coefficients for the Oral Language subtests and the Written Expression subtest are less than (. 90). The coefficients for Nonsense Word Decoding are acceptable; but the majority of coefficients for the Phonological Awareness, Associational Fluency, and Naming Facility are below (. 90). To assess the stability of the KTEA-II scores over a period of weeks, the test was administered twice to 221 children from three grade ranges (Pre-K to Grade 1, Grades 2 through 6, and Grades 7 through 12). The retest interval ranged from 11 to 60 days and averaged 3? to 4 weeks. Alternate-form reliability was also examined in this analysis because about half the students took Form A first and Form B second; the other half took the test in the opposite order. The reliability correlations for the three grade ranges for the Comprehensive Achievement composite were (. 92), (. 94), and (. 5), respectively. For Pre-K to Grade 1, only the overall Reading and Decoding composites are sufficiently reliable. Coefficients for the Mathematics (. 87), Written Language (. 85), Oral Language (. 64), Sound-Symbol (. 84) and Oral Fluency (. 59) composites are all below (. 90). Letter Word Recognition is the only subtest for Pre-K to Grade 1 with adequate reliability (. 97). Coefficients for the rest of the subtests range from (. 47) to (. 88). For Grades 2 through 6 the Mathematics, Written Language, Reading Fluency, and Decoding Composites all had coefficients of at least (. 0). The Reading (. 87), Oral Language (. 68), Sound-Symbol (. 80), and Oral Fluency (. 67) composites are less than . 90. All subtest correlations are less than (. 90), except Spelling, Nonsense Word Decoding, and Decoding Fluency. Coefficients for the Reading (. 89), Oral Language (. 81), and Oral Fluency (. 76) composites are below . 90 for Grades 7 through 12. Correlations for the Mathematics, Written Language, Reading Fluency, and Decoding composites are all adequate. All subtest correlations, except Math Computation, are less than (. 90). Outside reviewers note that because stability and alternate-form reliability were not separated in this analysis, it is impossible to know whether results for some components are unstable, whether the forms differ, or both. The Oral Language composite is problematic because of its internal consistency and stability correlations are consistently below (. 90). Interrater reliability was evaluated for Written Expression, Oral Expression, Reading Comprehension, Listening Comprehension, and Associational Fluency because they require judgment in scoring and are most susceptible to difference in scoring among examiners. The cases used 50 students at each of two grade levels. Students from Grade 2 or 3 completed Form A and students from Grade 8 completed Form B. Three or four examiners scored each level of each subtest. Correlations were all above (. 90), except Oral Expression at both grade levels (. 82 and . 88) and Associational Fluency at Grade 2 (. 82). The authors took many steps to ensure the validity of items on the KTEA-II. These efforts included literature reviews, consultation with experts in the field, and field testing. Intercorrelation of subtests and composites are provided at each age and grade level and address construct validity. Moderate to high correlations were found between the majority of subtests and composites, except for the Oral Language domain. The average correlation between Oral Expression and Listening Comprehension was (. 46). Low correlations for these subtests and composite suggest they are measuring skills not closely related to other sections of the test. Factor analysis was used for the eight primary subtests of the KTEA-II Comprehensive Form, using the entire age-norm sample for Grade 1 through age 25. Confirmatory factor analysis provided evidence for a four-factor model (math, reading, written language, and oral language), as this model had good fit statistics and high loadings on the factors for all subtests. To evaluate concurrent validity, the KTEA-II Comprehensive Form was administered along with one or more achievement or cognitive abilities tests. Administration of the two tests occurred in counterbalanced order, with approximately half of the cases taking the KTEA-II first and the other half taking it second. Administration of the two tests could occur on the same day or separated by as much as 60 days. When compared to the original Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement (K-TEA), the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test–Second Edition (WIAT-II), the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement–Third Edition (WJIII ACH), and the Peabody Individual Achievement Test–Revised, Normative Update (PIAT-R/NU), high overall composite correlations were found (range . 84 to . 94). At the composite and subtest level, moderate to high correlations were generally found for the domains of reading, mathematics, and written language. However, the Oral Language composite correlations were mixed, with one as low as (. 08). When the KTEA-II was compared to the Oral and Written Language Scales (OWLS), a (. 75) correlation was found between the written expression subtests. Correlations in the (. 40’s) were found between the oral expression and listening comprehension subtests for the two measures. The relationship between the KTEA-II and several intelligence tests was also examined. Composites from the KTEA-II correlate in the low to moderately high range (from. 13 to . 4) with the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children–Second Edition (KABC-II;), the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Third Edition (WISC-III; Wechsler), the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities–Third Edition (WJ III COG). Students diagnosed with reading, mathematics, and writing learning disabilities; cognitive impairment; attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder; and emotional or behavioral disturbance and t hose who were deaf or hard of hearing had mean scores below average on all subtests and composites. Children identified as high performing or talented received mean scores above average for all subtests and composites. In terms of validity, comprehensive evidence is provided in support of the test’s content validity. The addition of an Oral Language section to the KTEA-II seems beneficial, but is an area of particular concern in terms of both reliability and validity. I believe the Oral Language results should be interpreted cautiously. Outside reviewers caution that there is a danger of overestimating or underestimating a student’s performance due to steep item gradients on the KTEA-II. When tests have steep item gradients, a 1-point change in raw scores can result in a large change in standard scores when using the KTEA-II. In some cases, a 1-point change in a raw score results in a change of as much as 13 standard score points. Reviewers have also found that although the norms for the KTEA-II begin at 4 to 6, most subtests do not have adequate floors at this age. Instruments without adequate floors do not have enough easy items to discriminate between students with and without skill deficits. Several concerns exist in regard to the adequacy of some KTEA-II subtest floors; thus, it is suggested that examiners check floor adequacy when assessing younger children. Using a subtest with an inadequate floor may overestimate performance at certain ages. How to cite Assessment Critique, Papers

The Cause And Effect Of Human Error In Air Safety Essay Example For Students

The Cause And Effect Of Human Error In Air Safety Essay BACKGROUND PAPERONTHE CAUSE AND EFFECT OF HUMAN ERROR IN AIR SAFETY1. On March 27 1977, an impatient pilot of a Boeing 747 failed to follow proper procedure and commenced a takeoff roll that collided with another B747; he killed 583 people. This incident, that took place in the Canary Islands, remains the worlds deadliest air disaster (www:AirD). It also is a driving force to understand the ramifications of blatant human error and attempt to foresee and or prevent these types of accidents from happening in the future. The comprehensive study of the human factor, in the history of air mishaps, can help reduce the loss of life and resources in the future of aviation. In this paper, I will present the mistakes made, the results of those mistakes and how they can be prevented. One of the toughest areas to deal with in the field of aviation mishaps is pilot error. 2. In the findings of many accident investigations, you will find in the sequence of events where the pilot/crew has made an error in judgment. These errors were proven to be the ultimate reason for the particular mishap. On 12 November 1996, a Kazakhstan Airlines Ilyushin II-76TD failed to maintain an assigned altitude. After being given instructions, by Air Traffic Control (ATC) to descend to 14000 feet, the pilot never leveled off and continued to descend. The Ilyushin then collided with a Saudi Arabian Airlines B747 that was climbing to 13000 feet; 349 people perished. It is the deadliest mid-air collision in aviation history. A pilot, not following ATC instructions, caused this mishap. The pilot of the Saudi B747 was defenseless. The outcome, of mishaps like these, has resulted in new equipment being required on all commercial airliners operated within the United States. That equipment is called TCAS (Traffic alert and Collision Avoidance System). It is an airborne radar system that alerts pilots of unreported aircraft, and in some cases, gives the pilot instructions to avoid the conflicting aircraft. This system has also reduced the amount of mishaps caused by failure of the ATC system. 3. Albeit a rare occurrence, ATC error has played a part in its share of aviation mishaps. On 1 February 1991, an LAX local controller cleared a USAir Boeing 737 (B-737) to land on runway 24L. She also cleared a Skywest Metroliner to taxi into position and hold midpoint down the runway, with the intention of clearing it for takeoff before the USAir jet landed. The controller never cleared the Metroliner for takeoff and, at night, it was virtually invisible to the USAir crew. Unfortunately, it was also invisible to the local controller. As the B-737 touched down, the crew noticed the aircraft on the runway and attempted to avoid it. However, the B-737 was traveling 140 knots and was unable to veer off the runway in time. Both aircraft were a total loss and 34 people died (www:AirD). It was determined by the National Transportation and Safety Board, that the primary cause of this accident was The failure of the local controller to maintain an awareness of the traffic situation (NTSB RE PORT:AAR-91/08). This mishap led to sweeping changes in procedures used for intersection departures at night. It also fueled the need for all major airports to become equipped with airport surface detection equipment (ASDE). This ground radar can now be found at virtually all major domestic airports; proof positive that something good can be the result of a breakdown in the system. However, even when pilots make the right decisions and ATC is keepin em separated, it still cant make up for the un-foreseen dangers. .u61801489e194cc7adb8758e5ac21973b , .u61801489e194cc7adb8758e5ac21973b .postImageUrl , .u61801489e194cc7adb8758e5ac21973b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u61801489e194cc7adb8758e5ac21973b , .u61801489e194cc7adb8758e5ac21973b:hover , .u61801489e194cc7adb8758e5ac21973b:visited , .u61801489e194cc7adb8758e5ac21973b:active { border:0!important; } .u61801489e194cc7adb8758e5ac21973b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u61801489e194cc7adb8758e5ac21973b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u61801489e194cc7adb8758e5ac21973b:active , .u61801489e194cc7adb8758e5ac21973b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u61801489e194cc7adb8758e5ac21973b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u61801489e194cc7adb8758e5ac21973b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u61801489e194cc7adb8758e5ac21973b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u61801489e194cc7adb8758e5ac21973b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u61801489e194cc7adb8758e5ac21973b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u61801489e194cc7adb8758e5ac21973b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u61801489e194cc7adb8758e5ac21973b .u61801489e194cc7adb8758e5ac21973b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u61801489e194cc7adb8758e5ac21973b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Health, Safety and Nutrition Essay4. On 11 May 1996, Valujet 592, a McDonald Douglas DC-9 was in straight and level flight. Having just departed from Miami International Airport, nearing a final cruising altitude of approximately 25000 feet, the DC-9 burst into flames and plunged to a watery grave in the south Florida Everglades. Improperly packed oxygen generators, in the class D cargo area, ignited leading to a fire that burned through control cables and filled the cabin with smoke. ValuJet maintenance contractor, SabreTech, was criminally charged and found liable for placing the canisters aboard the aircraft (www:AirD). The incident sparked an intense study on part of t he NTSB. The NTSB determined that improper handling of hazardous materials and failure to adequately equip aircraft with fire suppression equipment, in class D cargo areas, was the ultimate cause of the mishap. These results and findings have instigated major changes in the way hazardous materials are transported. Additionally, it has opened the eyes of aviation industry to the cause and effect of human error. 5. In summary, pilot error, controller error and even procedural errors can be prevented. It takes an asserted effort on part of all players in the aviation industry to continually re-assess the way we do business. We should strive to foresee the un-foreseenanticipate the unlikely and continuously hone our skills to near perfection. Aviation safety is a work in progress and great strides have been made to improve the overall operation. However, unforeseen incidents are bound to occur again; how we react and adjust will truly measure the evolution of aviation safety. BibliographyBIBLIOGRAPHYFORTHE CAUSE AND EFFECT OF HUMAN ERROR IN AIR SAFETY1. National Transportation and Safety Board, Report AAR-91/08, 1 August 19912. www.AirDisaster.com, Accident Synopsis 03271977, Accident Synopsis 02011991Thesis and Dissertations

Peeling the Onion Review Essay Example

Peeling the Onion Review Paper Essay on Peeling the Onion So peculiar, so truthfully and implausible nafantazirovat sharply, bitingly displayed real way of life of the writer is not even one generation, and the whole century. In this book, there is no dialogue, which I was very pleased, especially after Marc Levy, whose work is entirely composed of them. Rest for the eyes, mind and soul. Memories of how the various components of the figure one large installation, which the author puts filming harboring their veils as had done many times in his workshop, exposing a lot of plaster and clay figures that came out of his hands; and now these memories give birth in the readers mind a continuous stream of images, soothing and inspiring at the same time I am very impressed brushwork Grasse bold metaphors and unexpected determination.; He is not afraid of his own statement, to call a spade a spade, and this is true. Without any pathos and excessive pathos, the author describes the turning points of his life and work And though at times a young man who was a writer in his youth, looks disgusting -. It is selfish, egocentric, obsessed only on himself, his work and his life, yet the reader is hard not to draw parallels with his own double and not notice some similarities between the two men that will undoubtedly cause even greater sympathy for the author. We will write a custom essay sample on Peeling the Onion Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Peeling the Onion Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Peeling the Onion Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer  «Since I have nothing preserved from the time of childhood and youth, parish tsya access the most questionable of all the witnesses called Memory, capricious, often suffering from migraine lady whom rumor says it is selling, if the case has a market environment. Here these words and make once and for all, once and for all imbued with respect for the the authors identity. I am very happy that my acquaintance with the work of the famous German writer began with his autobiography. A couple of years ago, I reached for the reading of The Tin Drum and read pages fifty cast. But his memoirs the author managed to awaken in me a great interest in his creative activity. So now I certainly undertake to read all the books of Grasse, which will fall into my hands, conquered and impressed me so much that man Total 10/10 -.. well Peeling the Onion Review Essay Example Peeling the Onion Review Paper Essay on Peeling the Onion Grasss autobiographical book, which covers 20 years of his life, from 1939 the year of the beginning of World War II and the end of the childhood of the writer, until 1959 the year of the publication of his first novel. The book is best known for the fact that in her Nobel Prize winner talks about his service in the SS. In fact, the book holds a lot more of this scabrous details. Grass repeats the fate of many teenagers his time: incomplete education, call the front. True to the front, he gets to the end of the war, perhaps it saved us a great writer. Then he describes the American POW camp (which also contain the liberated Jews, because they had nowhere to go)), Germanys post-war life, the awareness of the collective and personal guilt (which came much, much later). His story is filled with subtle observations, which are not read in the history books and you will not see in documentaries. All experiences Grass writes frankly and openly, as memory permits. And then training and service to art, the first literary experiments, life. All direct and frank. It turns out that everything about Grass mentions in his novels, he somehow survived itself and it is amazing)) Of course, he says a lot of people: relatives and not so;! talks about society as a whole (the German and European) and the challenges th at lie ahead this society. We will write a custom essay sample on Peeling the Onion Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Peeling the Onion Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Peeling the Onion Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We can not say that this book is the final of the writer. But it concerns the whole of his previous activity, it also explains much of its complex, bulky novels. Therefore, in no case can not start reading Grasse with bulbs, on the contrary, for it to be taken, already acquainted with at least 2-3mya works. And then finish the rest and wait for the transfer of the rest.

Study of Customer Needs and Desires in the Airline Industry The WritePass Journal

Study of Customer Needs and Desires in the Airline Industry Introduction Study of Customer Needs and Desires in the Airline Industry IntroductionProductPricePlacePromotion PeopleProcessPhysical evidenceBibliographyRelated Introduction As quoted by Kotler et al 2007:324 â€Å"Almost 28% of all production ideas come from watching and listening to customers†. In the airline industry, customer’s needs and wants are two of the three prime elements to be considered for its development. Other element being desires or demands, which is equally important but not everyone can afford it as it is backed by buying power which is not similar for all. The two prime elements endeavours to enhance the marketing decisions by selecting various methods such as addressing questions as to what are the currents needs and wants of customers, setting the decision making agenda, etc. Enhancing the flow of goods, services and ideas from its creators to the consumers wants and needs, is an activity known as Marketing. Everyone have their own needs, wants and desires, and in order to fulfil these everlasting desires, goods and services are required. Marketing concepts can only be applied if the basic needs, wants and desires of the customers are known. In order to satisfy the customers, promote and sell the products, services and ideas in an effective and more efficient way, marketing strategies like advertisements, campaigning, etc. are being incorporated. Organisations, through effective use of marketing research, should be able to ascertain the needs and wants of the customers and endeavour to deliver benefits that will amplify customer’s lifestyle ensuring a healthy turnover for business. When undertaking to meet the requirements of its customers, an organisation has to consider the four key factors also known as the 4P’s of the marketing mix. The 4P’s consist of product, price, place and promotion. Further to this, in order to serve the customers more effectively and efficiently, additional 3Ps were introduced; people, process and physical evidence respectively. Briefly explaining these, Product According to Holloway 2004, is anything that is offered to the market to satisfy a want or need. Kotler suggests that a product should be viewed at three levels; core product, actual product and augmented product respectively. Price Must be conflicting and must bring about profits. The pricing strategy can consist of discounts, offers and the like. Place Is an area where the products are made available through different channels for the customers to buy. Promotion Includes the methods of communicating to the customers of what the company has to offer and to make them aware of product’s benefits rather than just talking about it. People Expand to customers, management and everyone who is involved in it. It should be realized that the reputation of the brand remains in people’s hand. Process Is a procedure of providing service and thoroughly knowing whether it is helpful to the customer, if they are made available in time and many such things. Physical evidence Refers to such things which aid the customer in what he is buying. For instance, brochures, pamphlets, etc. If properly conducted and implicated, marketing research could have a positive impact in an industry. Therefore, qualitative and quantitative methods, which are frequently used in airline industry, will be appraised in this essay. Over to that, their strengths and weaknesses will be explored while comparing and contrasting these methods, as they apply in airline industry. There is a need to apply qualitative and quantitative research methods, taking into consideration above Kotler’s 2007:324 quotes, to ascertain customer’s needs and wants. According to Alan Bryman and Emma Bell, â€Å"By contrast, qualitative research can be constructed as a research strategy that usually emphasized words rather than quantification in the collection and analysis of data† Helle neergaard, John P. Ulhà ¸i 2007:5 suggest that definition of qualitative research provided by Denzin and Lincoln (1994) is considered by many which say that â€Å"it is a multi method in focus, interpretive, naturalistic approach to its subject matter. This means that qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of or interpreting phenomena in terms of meanings people bring to them.† Denzin and Lincoln 1994 suggests the basic characteristics of qualitative research are case study, personal experience, introspective, life story interview, observational, historical, interactional, and visual texts. Application of wide range statistical methods to quantify or measure data in terms of value or volume is known as quantitative research. â€Å"Quantitative research uses numerical data, and it characteristically has structured and predetermined research questions, conceptual; frameworks and designs.† (Punch, 2005, 28). According to Lamnek 2005 quantitative research characterises a rather inflexible procedure that is best suited to explanatory, statistical and theory testing purposes. Paul N. Hague (2002) points out that quantitative research is related to the measuring aspects of number of consumers constituting the market. This includes soft phenomena as well as hard phenomena such as consumer’s attitudes and market size, purchase frequencies, brand shares, etc. The elementary characteristics of quantitative research are heart of the research, defined objectives that include hypothesis and focused research design identifies who, how, what, why and when, large enough sa mple to allow for generalisation. In an airline industry, a large scale survey design i.e. quantitative research method would only allow a narrow and restricted view on innovation because such approaches lack depth due to focus shifting on large sample offers only. Besides, within the service sector there is relatively poor data collection and low availability of statistical data on innovation activity (Howells, 2009, 9; Richter Theile, 2007). It is unlikely that senior executives will choose to answer a fairly anonymous survey, as typical percentage for response in surveys on innovation in airline industry are in the low single digits (Maximilian, 2002, 47). As the airline industry is a global industry with a large number of small carriers, it would yield no statistically substantiated results and depth would be missing. Example of such an approach would be a likert scale; all the answers to the questions are numbered as: 1) strongly agree, 2) agree, 3) neither agree nor disagree, 4) disagree, 5) strongly disagree. The strength of such a survey is that consecutively a large number of people can be surveyed all at a time and the questions are close-end. All together they do have a weakness as well which is that interaction, feelings and thoughts will not be expressed freely as needed. Qualitative research, on the other hand, besides using non-numerical and unstructured data, alsy typically has research procedures and questions which are basic at the beginning and become more focused and perspective as the study progresses (Punch, 2005, 28). Qualitative methods permit the analyzer to analyse selected issues in detail and depth (Patton, 1990, 13-14) as they generate detailed information. By contrast, qualitative data are rich while also having a strong handle on â€Å"real life† (Miles Huberman, 1994). As the airline industry is unstructured from a practical point of view and is largely unexplored, therefore that method is applicable which would take advantage of rich empirical data. Consequently, this essay pursues a qualitative approach. The strengths of such an approach are that they encourage greater intensity of ideas and participation of participants in an interactive way where deep feelings and thoughts are considered. Therefore, findings can be turne d into creativity portraying the reality of research population (Masterson Pickton, 2004). The weaknesses of such an approach are that they can be time consuming, difficult to get participants or volunteers to be open with their views depending on the questions asked and, participants are viewed as a small group representing a whole population )Baker, 2007).   The purpose of this essay, to compare and contrast the two different approaches (research methods) of which one was quantitative and the other qualitative using surveys and other methods to meet the needs and wants of customers, is now explored. It can be understood from the above that both the procedures (qualitative and quantitative), praise and strengthen each other and aid to build strong and healthy procedures to help meet customers’ desires. Hence marketing research methods are necessary for airline industry to continue to deliver optimal services to customers. Bibliography Alan Bryman, Emma Bell. (2007). Business research methods. Oxford University Press. Hague, P. N. (2002). Market research: a guide to planning, methodology evaluation. Kogan Page . Helle Neergaard, John P. Ulhà ¸i. (2007). Handbook of qualitative research method in entrepreneurship. Edward Elgar. Holloway, J.C. Plan R.V. (2004). Marketing for Tourism. Harlow: Financial times Prentice Hall. Kotler, P. (2005). Principles of Marketing. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong. (2010). Principles of Marketing. Pearson Education. Punch. 2005. Rothkopf, M. (2009). Innovation in Commoditized Service Industries: An Empirical Case Study. LIT Verlag Mà ¼nster. Baker, J.M. (2007) Marketing Strategy Management, 4th ed. Palgrave Macmillan Kotler, P. (2003), Marketing Management, 5th ed. New Jersey: Pearson Education Kotler, P., Bowen, J. Makens, J. (2006) Marketing for Hospitality and Tourism, 4th ed. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall Masterson, R. and Pickton, D. (2004), Marketing An Introduction, Berkshire: McGraw-Hill Education Kent, R. (2007) Market Research Approaches Methods Applications in Europe. Lambin, J. (2000), Market-Driven Management Strategic operational Marketing, Basingstoke Hampshire: Palgrave

When to Cite a Source in a Paper

When to Cite a Source in a Paper Write an essay and back it up with facts. How many times have you heard a teacher or professor say this? But many students might wonder what exactly counts as a fact, and what doesnt. That means they dont know when it is proper to cite a source, and when its OK not to use a citation. Dictionary.com states that a fact is: Something demonstrated to exist or known to have existed. Demonstrated is a hint here. What the teacher means when she/he tells you to use facts is that you need to back up your claims with some evidence that supports your claims (sources). Its one trick that teachers use to make sure you actually use some references when you write a paper, instead of simply offering a list of your opinions. This may sound easy, but its actually tough sometimes to know when you need to back up a statement with evidence and when it is fine to leave a statement unsupported. When to Cite a Source You should use evidence (citations) any time you make a claim that is not based on a well-known fact or common knowledge. Heres a list of situations when your teacher would expect a citation: You make a specific claim that could be challengedlike London is the foggiest city in the world.  You quote somebody.You make a specific claim that is not common knowledge like the Indian Ocean is the youngest of the worlds major oceans.You paraphrase information from a source (give the meaning but change the wording).Offer an authoritative (expert) opinionlike germs cause pneumonia.You got an idea from somebody else, even through email or conversation. Although there may be interesting facts that you have believed or know for many years, you will be expected to provide proof of those facts when youre writing a paper for school. Examples of Claims You Should Support Hot water can freeze faster than cold water.Poodles are friendlier than Dalmatians.American Chestnut trees are nearly extinct.Eating while driving is more dangerous than talking on the cell phone while driving.Thomas Edison invented a vote counter. When You Dont Need to Cite a Source So how do you know when you do not need to cite a source?  Common knowledge is basically a fact that practically everyone knows, like the fact that George Washington was a U.S. president. More  Examples of Common Knowledge or Well-Known Facts Bears hibernate in the winter.Fresh water freezes at 32 degrees F.Many trees shed their leaves in the fall.Some trees do not shed their leaves in the fall.Bears hibernate. A well-known fact is something that many people know, but it is also something that a reader could look up easily if he/she didnt know. Its best to plant flowers in the early spring.Holland is famous for its tulips.Canada has a multilingual population. If youre not really certain about something being common knowledge, you could give it the little sister test. If you have a younger sibling, ask him or her the subject youre pondering. If you get an answer, it could be common knowledge! A Good Rule of Thumb A good rule of thumb for any writer is to go ahead and use a citation when youre not certain whether or not the citation is necessary. The only risk in doing this is littering your paper with unnecessary citations that will drive your teacher crazy. Too many citations will give your teacher the impression that you are attempting to stretch your paper to a certain word count! Simply trust your own best judgment and be honest with yourself. Youll get the hang of it soon!

Migration, cultural diversity and integration in contemporary Britain Essay

Migration, cultural diversity and integration in contemporary Britain - Essay Example This integration and acceptance could involve recognizing the others’ practice as right or even adopting some of the practices which are to be found in the other people involved. One of the major contributors of having youths from divergent backgrounds studying in the same universities is as a direct result of migrant labour. In this respect you may find that one’s parents went to a foreign country looking for a job opportunity and since people of many nationalities do emigrate looking for job opportunities, it is only obvious that we are going to have a situations whereby the different youths involved tend to develop multicultural social capital (Arthur,2004). Social capital has been defined as Social capital is a sociological concept, which refers to connections within and between social networks. Harzig and Hoerder discuss the issue of migration in detail and he points out the negative opinions which are cast upon immigrants. They are viewed as â€Å"hands† or â€Å"braceros† instead of hearts and heads. The following dialogue involves two young university student in Paris France. Partner A (Asamoah) has his origins in Ghana while Partner B (Louis) has his origins in Cameroon both countries in West Africa. ASAMOAH: I am Asamoah Gyan, My parents come from Accra Ghana. We came to France when I was five years old. My parents are career diplomats and thus I had to join a French school and upon the end of my parents’ tour of duty they felt it advisable to have me left behind in France so as to complete my university studies. I chose an African because we have a lot to share as we both come from the continent and hence we should have a lot in common. LOUIS: I am Louis Mitchell and my country of origin is Cameroon. My whole family lives in Douarra second largest city in Cameroon. I have always wanted to join a good foreign university and being from a Francophone country I was able to benefit from a Scholarship from the government of France. I thus had my early education back in Cameroun and only came to France for my higher education on a scholarship. I chose a Ghanaian national owing to the close proximity between our two countries and being Africans, we have a lot in common. Questions. ASAMOAH: Louis could you tell me about your social capital in terms of how you find yourself accepting to the races, gender sexuality and religion in Britain? LOUIS: I find it very difficult to interact with the foreign people and I am more comfortable being in the company of my fellow Africans and especially those from French speaking countries. On issues of gender, I find the British more tolerant towards women but I hate the legalization of homosexuality and on the religious issue the French are not religious at all. ASAMOAH: Why do you abhor the legalization of gay unions in Britain? LOUIS: That is unheard of in African culture. In my own country being caught engaging in such an activity attracts a very severe penalty an d furthermore the individuals concerned are ostracized from the society. ASAMOAH: what kind of penalty could that be and why is it considered unAfrican to engage in such activities? LOUIS: In my country, penalty for being day is imprisonment for a term of at least twenty years in prison and in rural areas where traditional justice is dispensed you find that those who are caught engaging in such activities are put in a beehive and rolled off a hill. It is considered unAfrican to engage in homosexual relationships because that is what has been passed from

M6A2-Conflict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

M6A2-Conflict - Essay Example Leadership also helps in influencing the efforts of the conflicting parties and ensuring that parties take the responsibility of ending the conflict (Donohue & Kolt, 1994). Leadership also ensures that all parties involve participate in decision-making through provision of opportunities to express their won perspectives, feelings and points of view regarding the conflict (Lansford, 2008). I have learned that leadership in conflict management must aim at proper planning of meeting schedules, installing shared beliefs and strengthening social cohesion. Accordingly, leadership will enable conflict experts adequately identify tasks, differing interests or objectives that require cooperation in ending conflicts (Donohue & Kolt, 1994). From my interview with Professor Marco Turk, I have acknowledged that values play an important role in conflict resolution. The Professor agreed that personality traits, beliefs and perceptions of the conflicting parties might either hinder or foster success ful conflict resolution. I agree that openness to new challenges, open-mindedness, and cooperative values will foster shared goals during the conflict resolution process among the conflicting parties (Jeong, 1999). ... Values such as emotional intelligence, self-awareness and emotional stability helps the conflicting parties minimize negative perceptions or aggressive behaviors such as verbal attacks that may compromise the process (Donohue & Kolt, 1994). My modified personal working model for conflict resolution is ideal for interpersonal conflict as well as group-to-group situation conflict (Jeong, 1999). However, leadership, trust and values are more essential in resolving interpersonal conflicts compared to group-to-group situation. Interpersonal conflicts mainly result from differences in personality, poor communication, cross-cultural differences and task conflicts between two or members in an organization (Donohue & Kolt, 1994). Power struggles and poor leadership within an organization may also lead to instances of conflicts among the staff. The first step is to identify the underlying causes of conflict. Accordingly, I believe the conflict expert will then create urgency for a solution thr ough identifying the detrimental impacts of the conflict to the workplace. Successful leaders must be able to identify the possible negative impacts such as decline in profitability, poor relationships among conflicting employees, poor customer service and lack of cooperation within the organization (Donohue & Kolt, 1994). According to my modified model, the next step will involve creating a favorable environment for resolving the conflict. This step will involve use of essential leadership qualities such as ability to ensure open communication, ability to encourage dialogue and appreciate diversity of opinions among the conflicting parties (Jeong, 1999). In addition, the conflicting parties

Essay on Psychopathology and Abnormal Psychology Essay Example for Free

Essay on Psychopathology and Abnormal Psychology Essay One of the most controversial aspects of society throughout history can be seen in the way society views people with illnesses. Often times, people persecute their fellowmen just because they do not seem â€Å"normal† or they seem to â€Å"not belong† with the current society. These problems have led to the development of a branch of psychology which aimed to look at the causes and other related information that formed these mental illnesses. This branch of psychology came to be known as abnormal psychology. Abnormal psychology is that segment of the field which studies mental illnesses and abnormal behavior. The field covers problems such as depression, obsession, and even sexual deviation. The field also traced the symptoms, etiology, effects, and how these illnesses are maintained. Before we study abnormal psychology though, we must first look into what people see as abnormal. Historically, many of the earliest civilizations attribute mental disorders and illnesses as manifestations of evil spirits; some even have practices which remove parts of the skull using primitive tools as a means of releasing these evil spirits. As time progressed though, people such as priests, shamans, and witch doctors have been employed to supposedly rid these individuals of the â€Å"malicious† spirits which inhabit their bodies. During the times of the Greeks and the Romans, diagnosing and identifying mental illnesses have become more scientific. However, during this period, mystical and supernatural explanations still prevail over the ideas of modern science. One example is Homer, according to him, mental illnesses are caused by God, taking away the minds of the victims. It is not until Hippocrates wrote numerous accounts, journals, essays, papers and other scholarly work that made the study more scientific. In his papers, Hippocrates wrote about things such as psychosis, mania, phobias, and paranoia. His theory, however, still is flawed because he attributed the illnesses to four fluids in the human body: black and yellow bile, phlegm, and blood. During the middle ages, more horrifying and disturbing accounts were given, According to studies, during this period, people with mental illnesses were classified as witches, and they were â€Å"hunted† so as to rid them of the physical world. It was further justified by the writing of the Malleus Malifacarum (Withc’s Hammer) in 1486. In 1563, a person by the name of Jahann Weyer wrote a book called De Praestigiis Daemonum (The Deception of Demons). The book discredited the beliefs that demons were the culprits in mental illnesses and instead brought out the point that natural causes may indeed result in abnormal behavior. He also looked at the possibility of the use of drugs as sparks which caused these said disorders. With his work, the study of mental abnormalities became more humanitarian and started to look for treatment, rather than damnation, for its victims. In 1769, Benjamin Rush, a professors of chemistry and medicine at the college of Philadelphia became the father of American psychiatry. He instituted reform by putting into action several changes such as better ventilation, separation and classification of violent and non-violent patients, and created programs for recreation catering to the patients who suffer from mental illness. By 1880, Dorthea Dix, a schoolteacher from Boston started a campaign which led to the opening of 32 psychiatric hospitals which prioritized the poor and the needy. Several other prominent people paved the way for the contemporary notion of psychopathology. Emil Kraeplin was the one who introduced to society different classifications of mental disorders. This led the way to a closer relationship between medicine and psychiatry. The classification focused on two important groups – the praecox or what is no known as the schizophrenics, and the manic-depressive psychopaths. He believed that these illnesses were caused by chemical imbalance and irregularities in other aspects of the person such as one’s metabolism. Another important person which helped develop the field of study was Clifford Beers. Beers himself suffered a mental breakdown but was able to overcome it. Upon his recovery, he wrote a book which he titled A Mind That Found Itself. Beers and his book were responsible for the foundation of the National Committee for Mental Hygiene, a branch of government which worked to prevent illnesses as well as make sure that any treatment conducted is classified as humane. Today, abnormal psychology focuses on the 4 D’s, these are distress, dysfunction, deviance, and danger. One should note though, that these 4 d’s are seen as judgments, not objective behavior. First of all is dysfunction. Dysfunction is defined as a difficult or abnormal function. In psychology, one of the most popular diseases caused by a dysfunction of the brain is schizophrenia. This disorder is caused by enlarged ventricles, reduced blood flow to the frontal lobe, and an excess of dopamine. Schizophrenia is a chronic disorder that is characterized by people who talk to themselves, yell at someone else which seem imaginary, and other symptoms. Another aspect of the psychopathology is distress. Distress in psychology can lead to numerous diseases, most popular of which are anorexia and bulimia. Often times, people who develop these conditions see it as a way of coping with negative emotions or painful feelings. Traumatic events in a person’s life may also trigger disorders in eating. Danger results in one of the most overlooked psychological disorder in an individual. Often times, notions of fear will develop into anxiety. Anxiety, unlike normal fear, can be characterized by four inherent characteristics. First of all, it is defined by a specific target; secondly, anxiety is experienced in response to the target of fear; third, the target feared by the individual is avoided; and finally anxiety tends to be more chronic. One of the most interesting in the 4 d’s is deviance. We might see something as deviant behavior, but we do not know is that this deviant behavior for us is the deviant’s â€Å"normal† function. This is why this is the most blurred classification out of all of the things that we characterize as abnormal. From here, there are three important viewpoints which look at mental disorders and their causes. These three models are the biological, psychosocial, and the socio-cultural models. First of all, the biological model looks at the brain as the cause of the abnormal behavior. According to proponents of this model, mental disorders are caused by the different chemical imbalances in the brain, and as such, leads to the difference in a person’s behavior. The socio-cultural approach looks at the role that society plays with regards to human behavior. According to its proponents, society and culture play a major role in determining if an individual will be labeled as â€Å"mentally ill† or has a mental disorder. Often times, this is where social deviance is seen; this is due to the idea that one is deviant for a culture may be the norms of the other. Finally, the psychosocial approach looks at underlying influences which are often times unconscious. This approach looks at the childhood and past experiences of the victim. Proponents of this approach are Sigmund Freud and Josef Brener. The approach theorizes that the disorder occurs when the individual becomes â€Å"fixated† to the stage wherein the negative experience has occurred. Looking at these evolutions in the field of abnormal psychology, it becomes positive enough that the approach, which was more of spiritual during earlier times, transforms itself into a more rational field of study. More importantly, these approaches lead us not to discriminate people with these disorders, but rather try to understand them and help them get better. Bibliography Abnormal Psychology. Blackwell Publishing. Retrieved April 10, 2009 from http://www. blackwellpublishing. com/intropsych/pdf/chapter15. pdf What is Abnormal Psychology? About. com. Retrieved April 10, 2009 from http://psychology. about. com/od/glossaryfromatoz/g/abnormalpsyc. htm Harris, Kevin. History of Abnormal Psychology. History of Psychology. Retrieved April 10, 2009 from http://www3. niu. edu/acad/psych/Millis/History/mainsheet. htm Bickard, Mark. The Nature of Psychopathology. Retrieved April 10, 2009 from http://www. lehigh. edu/~mhb0/psychopath. html

The Popularity of E-mail Essay -- Internet Communication Web email Ess

The Popularity of E-mail E-mail in one way or another plays a role in just about everyone's life. Just about everyone has a computer and uses it to communicate. E-mailing and instant messaging is easy and almost necessary for people in today's world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  E-mailing and instant messaging definitely plays a large role in my life. In all honesty one of the first things I do in the morning is get up and check my e-mail to see if anyone has sent me a message. It's become a routine for me. I get up get ready for school and chick my messages just like many of my friends and a good portion of today's world.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Personally I think that sending e-mails and instant messaging is great as long as you don?t let yourself get too caught up with it. I usually check my mail when I first wake up and before I go to bed at night. I see no problem with that, but I have friends and family members that spend a good portion of there day sitting in front of there computer screen just sending e-mails back and forth. Its almost like the computer has control of them, they sit and wait to receive a short message from a friend just to send one back.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In ?We?ve Got Mail Always?, Andrew Leonard talks about how many people in today isolate themselves in front of the computer and essentially waste there whole day away. While this is true he also says it can be used to bring people together and help us manage our lives better. The computer definitely has its ups and downs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In a l...

Comparison between devised play and Hot Money Essay

For our second scripted play we had to perform the farcical comedy ‘Hot Money.’ This comedy is about two unintelligent bank robbers who get lost and end up finding themselves in a rundown manor. The Lord and Butler of the manor arrive home to find a suitcase of money and they both scheme to take it. The play ends with the blowing up of the house and money. My contribution to the performance was as the Butler, ‘Phelps.’ I contributed to the main farcical comedy of the piece mainly through my actions. I stay in role throughout the piece even when the audience found parts amusing. The main similarity between ‘Zoolander’ and ‘Hot Money’ is that they are both comedies and for the purpose of entertaining people. However ‘Hot Money’ being a farce made the play more extravagant and unlikely situations to happen. It had broad physical humour, and deliberate absurdity and nonsense. An example of this is when the house is blown up with Phelps inside; although the house has blown up I still remain unharmed. ‘Zoolander’ also contained elements of a farce as it is a parody it imitates another work in order to ridicule, ironically comment on, or poke some affectionate fun at the work itself. For example when Derek ‘Zoolander’ imitates the stereotypical male model of the 21st century. ‘Hot Money’ was set in the 1920’s however we performed the play as a whole with the characters more stereotypical of people’s views rather than how the characters would have been in the 1920’s. This made our play was appropriate for any time period between the 1920’s and now. However ‘Zoolander’ is a modern film set in the 21st century and a parody of male fashion models and the people who work within that industry. There are also similarities in the themes of the plays. For a start both plays contain characters that are essentially making fun of themselves unintentionally. However, one of the differences is that the society of ‘Hot Money’ ranges from the lower class stereotypical bank robbers to the very upper class Lord of the Manor, with these vastly different worlds of rich and poor both depicted in the play it meant that the audience could be amused by people who are higher up in society than them and people who were also lower down. In contrast, the society of ‘Zoolander’ is, at its richest level. It contains rich male models, prime ministers and the fashion designer Mugatu. However the richness and upper-class of these characters contrast with their own stupidity and self humiliation. As ‘Hot Money’ is set in the outskirts of London all the characters within this play are Londoners. The lower class had the cockney accent of 1920’s and the upper class characters had an aristocratic accent. In contrast, the society of ‘Zoolander’ is of the typical Americans as it is set in New York, America. ‘Zoolander’ being a film has had many retakes and editing, this makes the film seem more polished and perfected than our play, ‘Hot Money.’ These retakes and editing make the film seem more effective and amusing to watch to an audience. However as we were not able to retake or edit any of our play as it was performed live, this may have affected how effective it was to an audience but on the other hand as it was performed live it may have made the play seem more effective as people prefer to watch things live than on a television screen. There are many differences and similarities in the characters represented in ‘Hot Money’ and ‘Zoolander.’ Both contain characters which are comical to an audience, unintelligent and make fun of themselves unintentionally. The stupidity of many characters including Derek ‘Zoolander’ in ‘Zoolander’ and Bert in ‘Hot Money’ are represented by their slow speech and length of time to react to other people and to react to happenings around them. However ‘Zoolander’ does surprisingly contain sharp witted characters such as Mugatu characterised by there quick come backs and intelligence. ‘Zoolander’ is very affective to an audience although as it is very over the top not all audiences may find it amusing, this is also true for ‘Hot Money.’ In conclusion to this essay, I would like to say that I have learnt a lot about the difference between the two different comedies and the difference between a film and a play. At first there seemed to be a big difference between a farcical comedy and a parody but now I can there are many similarities as well.

Graduation: Black People and Negro National Anthem Essay

Graduation is one of the most memorable moments in a lifetime. Maya Angelou’s graduation was an exciting moment, yet it was a very hurtful experience because of racism/segregation. This badly affects Angelou at her graduation. The overall point in Graduation is racism and segregation. Her choice of words is very powerful and emotional: It was awful to be a Negro. It was brutal to be young ad already trained to sit quietly and listen to charges brought against my color with no chance of defense. We should all be dead. I thought I should like to see us all dead, one on top of the other. A pyramid of flesh with white folks on the bottom as the broad base, then the Indians with their silly tomahawks and teepees and wigwams and treaties, the Negros with their mops and recipes and cotton sacks and spiritual sticking out of their mouths. The Dutch children should all stumble in their wooden shoes and break their necks. The French should choke to death on the Louisiana Purchase (1803) white silkworms ate all the Chinese with their stupid pigtails. As a species, we were an abomination. All of us. (110) This explains her emotions about racism, and how horrible it is. She closes it off by saying we are all the same species, and no one is different. This proves she believes racism is wrong. Because of segregation, the white schools are totally different from the black schools. Angelou defines the overall point by comparing the white schools to the black schools:†Unlike the white high school, Lafayette County Training School distinguished itself from having neither lawn, nor hedges, nor tennis court, nor climbing ivy† (103). This reveals what kind of luxuries the white schools had and how unfair the education system was. When Donleavy, a white man comes to speak at the graduation he focuses on the improvements coming to the schools. The white schools had new academics and classroom equipment and the black schools had new tool boxes and athletic equipment. The writer refers to her anger as if African Americans could not achieve anything academic or intellectual. Donleavy is also a racist, â€Å"The white kids were going to have a chance to become Galileos and Madame Curies and Edisons and Gauguins, and our boys would try to be Jesse Owenses and Joe Louises† (109). Angelou dramatizes an experience involving segregation and racism. At the graduation, the graduates expect certain things to happen, The National Anthem, the Pledge of Allegiance and the â€Å"Negro National Anthem†: â€Å"The song every black person knew called the Negro National Anthem. All done in the same key, with the passion and most often standing on the same foot† (108). This proves there is segregation in this time period because they sing their own song, which makes them feel separate from the nation. In the beginning of the ceremony, Angelou was thrilled to graduate. Once Donleavy speaks, the African Americans lose hope, â€Å"The man’s dead words fell like bricks around the auditorium and too many settled in my belly† (110). Donleavy is unconscious about the effect on his words: Graduation, the hush-hush magic time of frills and gifts and congratulations and diplomas, was finished for me before my name was called. The accomplishment was nothing. The meticulous maps, drawn in three colors of ink, learning and spelling decasyllabic words, memorizing the whole of The Rape of Lucrece- it was for nothing. Donleavy had exposed us. (110) After Donleavy’s speech the writer understands the words to the â€Å"Negro National Anthem† for the first time, because of how badly he put down the African Americans. To get the overall point, Angelou leads the readers as if they were sitting alongside her at her graduation. She describes the black community, and the graduating class. Angelou starts out the essay by describing the community in Stamps: â€Å"The children in Stamps trembled visibly with anticipation. Some adults were excited too, but to be certain the whole young population had come down with graduation epidemic† (103). She also describes the teachers, â€Å"Even the teachers were respectful to the now quiet and aging seniors, and tended to speak to them, if not as equals, as beings only slightly lower than themselves† (103). She uses effective similes to make the story come to life, â€Å"But the graduating classes themselves were nobility. Like travelers with exotic destinations on their minds, the graduates were remarkably forgetful† (103). This makes the readers understand the graduates’ excitement, and how they were forgetful of the aspect of life, like to bring their books to school. As travelers with exotic destinations, the graduates have their whole future ahead of them, full of exotic experiences. She also uses another simile to describe herself on her graduation day: â€Å"I was going to be lovely. A walking model of all the various styles of fine hand sewing and it didn’t worry me that I was only twelve years old and merely graduating from eight grade† (105). She was so happy and filled with joy because of the accomplishments she had made, in which she felt beautiful like a model.

Italian Immigration essays

Italian Immigration essays There were many reasons why the Italians choose to make the long journey to America. They faced many hardships in their motherland and decided to travel to the new world. The Italians had been having the problem of owning their own land, most landlords had control of the land. These landlords would charge high rent for the Italians that lived in his houses. Many Italians had to deal with working for low wages; they were treated poorly and were paid poorly also. In 1870 to 1900 production of foodstuffs except for fresh fruit, tomatoes, and vegetables slowed, thus mal nutrition spread throughout Italy. Also around this time also natural disasters were causing many Italians to Immigrate To be able to come to America all Italians would need to have money for a boat ticket. For most people money was a hard thing to come by. The boat captains didnt allow you to take any luggage on the boat because they were trying to get as many people on board as possible. All you had when you got on the boat was your clothes you were wearing and thats about it. Some of the Immigrants brought a few dry goods to eat on the ride but most only had the clothes on their backs. The boat ride was very packed, the air was hard to breath it smelled of dirty hay and sewage from the toilets. People were always getting sick and puking all over the floors because of sea sickness. Most people were put in the bottom of the boat and barely ever came out till they arrived in America. The journey took about 8-14 days to complete, this was the longest journeying they would possible ever make again. People became very ill on this journey due to the living conditions of the boat and diseases were easily spreading. Many people died because of their age and they became too ill to survive any longer. The first thing the Italian people saw on the boat when they arrived to America ...

UC San Diego Acceptance Rate: What Does it Take to Get In?

Part of the esteemed University of California System, the University of San Diego is located in the La Jolla neighborhood and home to 130 undergraduate majors across five disciplinary areas: arts & humanities, social sciences, engineering, biological science, and physical science. A unique aspect of UCSD is its â€Å"Sixth College† system, in which students are placed in colleges according to unique philosophies and named for great thinkers. When they apply, students rank the colleges in order of preference. With an admission rate of 30.2%, UCSD is a selective school that sits in the center of other UC schools in terms of difficulty of admission. So what does it take to get into the UCSD? Keep reading for ’s recommendations for creating a stand-out UCSD application profile. The majority of UCSD’s admits are from California. In 2016, 71% of the freshman class was comprised of California residents, with just 7% coming from out of state and 22% coming from out of the country. Now, the University of California system caps enrollment for out-of-state students. The percentage by school varies. UCSD strives for diversity: According to data from the same year (2016), 74% of the freshman class was made up of students of color and 29% was comprised of first-generation students. Broadly, UCSD defines the criteria for evaluation as: Finally, UCSD welcomes undocumented students, offering plenty of resources for these individuals.   UCSD defines the minimum coursework requirements as: Keep in mind that â€Å"recommended† coursework really means required except in unusual cases, so you should strive to meet or exceed these recommendations. UCSD is a rare university that states minimum GPA requirements for applicants. They are: These are merely minimums; many students greatly exceed these requirements, and having a higher GPA will improve your chances of admission. UCSD requires the SAT with critical reading, math, and writing or the ACT plus writing. You must submit scores from all your sittings. Don’t be too intimidated by this; many colleges that require you to submit all your scores will only record the highest. UCSD does state, however, that it will only take scores from the same sitting. The university also recommends taking all AP and IB exams associated with the courses, and you must submit scores directly from the College Board in order to receive course credit. International students whose native language is not English and non-native speakers must submit TOEFFL (83 minimum) or IELTS (7 minimum) scores as well. You must respond to four out of eight personal insights questions. For advice on writing these essays, check out ’s guide: How to Write the University of California Essay Prompts 2018-2019 . These questions are the same across all University of California undergraduate schools. Like the other UC colleges, UCSD does not accept the Common or Coalition Application. Instead, you must complete an application unique to the UC system. You must also submit your transcript. Keep in mind that letters of recommendation are not considered, and Music, Theatre & Dance, or Visual Arts program applicants may submit an optional portfolio or audition video. High School GPA: 4.02 – 4.28 ACT Composite Score: 28 – 34 ACT English Language Arts: 27 – 31 SAT Evidence-Based Reading & Writing: 640 – 730 SAT Mathematics: 660 – 790 SAT Essay: 16 – 18 (range reflects the middle 25%–75% range) Estimating your chance of getting into a college is not easy in today’s competitive environment. Thankfully, with our state-of-the-art software and data, we can analyze your academic and extracurricular profile and estimate your chances. Our profile analysis tool can also help you identify the improvement you need to make to enter your dream school. Excel in your coursework and standardized tests. You should aim to greatly exceed the minimum requirements for GPA, test scores, and coursework. The most competitive candidates will have scores at least in the 75% range and an above-average GPA for the admissions pool. Additionally, you should take a curriculum with plenty of honors and AP or IB courses to demonstrate that you challenge yourself. Demonstrate that you are a person of strong character . USCD describes personal qualities as one of its criteria for evaluation. Since teacher recommendations aren’t part of your application, you will need to demonstrate this on your own. That means showing how your values align with those of USCD and emphasizing your personal attributes as well as academic. This can come through in your extracurricular activities, such as a commitment to community service beyond the value it will add to your application and anecdotes in your application and essay, such as describing a time you stood up for the underdog or fought for what you know is right. Emphasize what sets you apart. UCSD prides itself on its diverse student body. That doesn’t mean you must have a minority background to be admitted, but you should have some â€Å" hook † that makes you stand out from the applicant pool. Perhaps you had an unusual upbringing. Maybe you speak multiple languages. Or your the first person in your family to attend college. Whatever it is, emphasize what makes you unique in your essay or other aspects of your application. There are numerous factors that affect your chances of admission to UCSD, but here are three steps you can take to increase them. Step 1 . Place emphasis on areas like extracurricular achievements and diverse and unusual circumstances. Your essays are an excellent place to do so. Step 2. Exceed minimum requirements. UC system schools are unusual in that they state the established minimum requirements for admissions. Use this information to your advantage. You should aim to exceed them substantially, particularly if you’re out of state. Step 3. Demonstrate your enthusiasm for UCSD. Of all the colleges in the UC system—and all the universities in the country—why does UCSD appeal to you in particular? Like most schools, the UCSD adcom wants to know that you want to go there in particular. USCD doesn’t have interviews, so you’ll need to demonstrate interest by visiting the college, getting on the mailing list for collateral, and signing up for online materials. You should also find ways of incorporating the college’s values, which should match your own, into your essays. Being denied admission to any college, particularly one of your top choices, is disappointing. Still, it’s important to take a step back and regroup. If you get rejected from USCD, here’s what you can do: Make sure your final list is well balanced among safety, target, and reach colleges . You’ll improve your chances of being admitted to multiple schools if you include several where you have a good or reasonable chance of acceptance. That includes other University of California schools. Since there are many UC colleges that have a higher admissions rate than USCD, you’ll increase your odds of being admitted to the UC system by applying to multiple UC schools. Since there is a single portal for all UC schools, you won’t have to spend significant time on these applications. If you had your heart set on UCSD or received bad news from the other colleges on your list, one option is to take a gap year and reapply next admissions cycle. If you do decide to go this route, make sure you have a plan for how to spend the year. You might undertake a research project, volunteer, study to improve your SAT scores, or take classes non-matriculated at a local college. Even if UCSD was your top choice, chances are, you’ll find a way to make a college that did accept you work. College really is what you make of it, and if you put effort into adjusting to another school by joining clubs, working hard in your classes, and cultivating a social life, you’ll likely find that you can make a fulfilling college experience for yourself, even if you end up at a college that wasn’t your top choice. When you sign up for our program, we carefully   pair you with the perfect admissions specialist based on your current academic and extracurricular profile and the schools in which you’re interested. Your personal application specialist will help you with branding, essays, and interviews, and provide you with support and guidance in all other aspects of the application process.

The Adoption of Integration of Information and Communication Essay

The Adoption of Integration of Information and Communication Technologies by Sainsburys - Essay Example Notably, the various reasons for executing the ICT by the business organisations include diminishing the transaction costs and ultimately raise the productivity and delivers instant connectivity which thereby improves the accuracy and transparency of the business organisations. Furthermore, the other valuable reasons also include enlarging the geographical scope of the potential markets for the business organisations, adequately accessing different products and commodities and ultimately raising the profitability of the business organisations (Picot & et. al., 2008). In this paper, the business organisation, i.e. Sainsbury’s, has been taken into concern. The main objective of this paper is to discuss regarding the self-service checkout which has been implemented by Sainsbury’s. The main reason behind this phenomenon has been related to attaining competitive advantage and it might also have been the case that they must have evaluated the previous processes and re-created it in order to attain success for the organisation. In addition, adequate execution of ICT that enhances the shopping process of Sainsbury’s and few concluding lines will also be portrayed in the discussion. The Chosen Organisation Sainsbury’s is regarded as one of the oldest retailers which was founded in London as its home city, in the year 1869. It is recognised as the third largest chain of supermarket prevailing in United Kingdom. Currently, it acquires a considerable market share of 16.5% in the global retail market. The company delivers broad variety of quality food commodities. In this regard, the vision of Sainsbury is to promote healthy consumptions along with... This essay stresses that the practical application of ICT has been apparently increasing in the current day phenomenon. It has also been recognised that most of the business organisations execute different types of technological equipments ensuring that those might raise as well as enhance the competitive position of the company in the long term. Similarly, in this context, Sainsbury’s which is one of the oldest and foremost retailing companies prevailing in the UK tends to execute ICTs such as self-serviced counters while operating the business functions. This paper makes a conclusion that the adequate implementation of the above discussed ICTs eventually raised the competitive advantage along with greater improvement in the business process of Sainsbury’s. Moreover, an innovative conception in relation to ICT has been prescribed for Sainsbury’s that would considerably enhance its business processes along with attaining competitive benefit over its competitors. Thus, it can be stated that Sainsbury’s can attain superior position in this competitive world along with sustaining its productivity through the execution of different types of ICT equipments to a significant extent. The company i.e. Sainsbury’s might enhance its working efficiencies through the application of improved self-service checkouts involving innovative technological equipments that ultimately would accelerate the efficiencies of the business procedural functions by a considerable level.

Management Information and Communication System Essay - 2

Management Information and Communication System - Essay Example The accounting applications of the ES are the most significant merits of an ES in that there is integration of cost, profit, and revenue information of sales that are presentable through granular way (Shang and Seddon, n.y, p.1-3). The ES entails Enterprise Resource Planning that has significant impact on the manufacturing process. Additionally, the management is able to make better plans in the organization via the consolidated picture of inventory, sales, and receivables presented by the ES. The adoption of the ES results to a reduced inventory cost due to the incorporation of SCM, CRM and ERP concepts that aid in better planning, follow-up and forecasting of requirements. The ES considerably enhance improved interdepartmental communication and better employee performance because of proper sharing of information across all departments of an organization. The ES also serves as a barrier to the entry of redundant data and processes throughout the system as all systems are integrated in an organization. However, the Enterprise systems entail a lot of challenges and demerits. Disadvantages of Enterprise Systems There are problems associated with delivering flexibility that emanate from the ES manufacturing companies being forced to respond to fast changes in customer requirements and technology which subsequently leads to huge demands on the flexibility of supply chain systems. In addition, ES suffers software complexity issues. This is due to the increased configuration complexity where the hardware, operating system, database and storage, and applications are hard to operate. Another disadvantage attributes to the difficult in optimal servicing of the installed equipment base and the challenge... The researcher of the essay "Management Information and Communication System" description of enterprise systems. Also the researcher mentions their advantages and disadvantages. In the end the researcher describes supply chain management systems. Enterprise systems (ES) are large scale application-software packages that entail enterprise resource planning (ERP) software, customer relationship management (CRM) packages, and supply chain management (SCM) packages from vendors like Oracle, PeopleSoft, and SAP. Subject to their application, Enterprise Systems can significantly change the way an organization functions. Indeed, there are variant business advantages and disadvantages of the adoption of Enterprise systems in an organization setup. In conclusion, the author finds that enterprise systems have fundamental impact on the management of any organization. They are involved in organizational functions, processes, reporting, data analysis and information flows. Though they are more te chnical and costly, the benefits of enterprise systems supersede the demerits of enterprise systems upon adoption in an organization. On the other hand, supply-chain management systems draw a huge significance in the business environment. They relate to coordinate planning, production, and logistics with suppliers. Their application in the business generates numerous benefits to the reference business. However, Supply chain management systems do not apply universally in different businesses.

To what extent is increased legal regulation of the privately rented Essay

To what extent is increased legal regulation of the privately rented sector justified and desirable - Essay Example Additionally, housing benefits have an inflationary impact on the levels of rent especially at the lower end of the market thereby worsening the situation3. In some of the sub-markets characterized by a high number of claimants, the impact of this is acute with the landlords being able to set rents at levels that are artificially high to match the Local Housing Allowance4. Furthermore, the security of tenure availed by private property owners, of between six and twelve months is not sufficient for some families particularly because the landlords have control of these regulations hence can make adjustments relative to their own interests5. The private rented sector has gone through extraordinary revitalization through the past twenty years to become increasingly critical to considerations concerned with the housing markets as well as the benefit system6. Currently, there are approximately over four million houses in England privately rented and these accounts for about 18% of all the family units7. The industry has also doubled in magnitude since 1989 while having more households presently compared to social housing while occupation by owners is on the decline8. Following this is the quick increase in the housing benefit bill that has increased exponentially in regards to real terms through a similar period reaching an excess of twenty four billion pounds in the UK. Consequently, the amount claimed by tenants from private property owners has also increased and doubled through the past ten years to almost ten billion pounds. These figures demonstrate the deteriorating affordability of private rented housing that an increasing number of people are forced to use as a consequence of the drop in social housing along with challenges to house ownership9. Along with the costs of renting, an additional challenge that has emerged with the growing dependence on private property owners includes the nonexistence of security provided to renters who seek

Advertising Skin Care And Beauty Products Media Essay

Advertising Skin Care And Beauty Products Media Essay Skin care products with whitening and lightening function have been introduced to the Asian market over the past decades years and it recorded as the best-selling product categories in the Asian beauty industry. (Ashikari, 2005)According to the study title The Quest for Beauty: Asias Fascination with Pale face (2009) stated the total whitening marketing is forecasted the market will be continuing to $18 billion and the rate of growth is around 12 per cent annually. (Deirde,B, Helen, C, Mark, D, F, 2010, p26) In South East Asia, there are more than 62 skin lightening products were introduced in year 2008. Besides, the involvement of women in the workforce increases in their income and wealth. Most of the women tend to buy the whitening product to lighten their skin. (Deirde,B, Helen, C, Mark, D, F, 2010) To fulfill the consumer needs, the whitening product was still developing to match the market demand. (August, 2008) The result of the Asian women using skin lightening products is sh own in the Table 2.1 Table 2.1: Result of Asian women using skin lightening products Asian country Estimated % of Women Using Skin Lightening Products Thailand 58 Philippine 50 Hong Kong 45 Malaysia 41 Indonesia 60-65 (Source from The Quest For Beauty: Asias Fascination With Pale Skin, p27, 2010) There are a lot of myths about fair skin tone. In the current social context, fair skin tone not only symbolizes womens beauty, but also will project womens marital prospects, job prospects, social status, and earning potential. (Ashikari 2003b; Goon and Craven 2003; Leslie 2004) One of the surveys was conducted in The Quest for Beauty: Asias Fascination with Pale face shown Malaysian men thought their partners would be more attractive with a fair skin tone. (Deirde,B, Helen, C, Mark, D, F, 2010) In the same study, it also stated that different culture may result in different interpretation on the meaning of whiteness. To provide a clearer picture, in Japan, fair skin is equal to wealth and high education level. As in Thailand, the fair skin is always associated with the higher social status and wealth. As contrast to the white, black, in Indian culture symbolize as underprivileged people and often related to dark, dirty, wrong, hell, and etc. On the contrary, Indian culture prefer l ighter skin tone as it associated with the Bright side of the culture. White, in Indian culture, is regard as a sign of beauty, purity, cleanliness, happiness, and symbol of power. (Arif 2004).Moreover, fair skin is also presented as good marriage in India. Overall, whiteness is an important predictor for presenting the positive image in the Indian society Desires for whiteness, under this chain of associations, is pursued Despite of the diverse cultural different in Asia region, they are holding the common belief to have light skin. However, some of the academics, activists and sociologists reflect the marketing of skin-lighteners as racism. (Sage, 2009; August, 2008; BBC News, 2003) In this research study, not only focus on the advertisement of women magazine in Malaysia, but also focus on whitening body care product. 2.2 Background There are several items will discuss in the session of background which included beauty products for women, the fairness is more craze, discrimination of people, advertising in general for these products, printed advertisement and magazine advertisements. 2.2.1 Beauty products for women Peoples needs and desires to be beautiful are supposed to be identical all over the world. With the aid of beauty product, people can gain confidence and stand in front of crowd without fear. In this modern society, the first impressions brought to people are crucial. People are increasingly emphasis on the appearance rather than other more durable criteria (Barthel 1988: 3) and emphasize on the decoration of the female body, with the aids of the fashion and cosmetic products (Barthel 1988: 8) Based on this reason, the latter product categories, the hair care, fragrance, and personal products are frequently used to enhance the attractiveness and the degree of sexuality on the person. Moreover, beauty also refers to traditional make-up, which included lipstick, mascara and foundation, as well as contemporary make-up, such as tinted/flavored lip balm/gloss. (Pawlowski, 2007) 2.2.2 Fairness is more craze According to Bray (2002), there are almost half of 35 to 54 years of Asians used skin care product with whitening function, some analysts have said it could be worth billions of dollars. In Asian countries, that has been a trend of growth of whitening and lightening product since that have long histories of utilizing fair skin as a key criterion of personal beauty. There is a Chinese idiom One whiteness can cover three kinds of ugliness. In people perception, fair skin is always a symbol of elegance and nobility. White jade is often used as a metaphor to describe such fairness. The preferences for white of fair skin are common in the modern Asian market. In India, for example, a significant part of many Sunday newspapers is dedicated to personal advertisements by men seeking fair-skinned brides (Leong, 2006) 2.2.3 Discrimination of people Although skin whitening product can lighten people skin tone, it may indirectly discriminate the races that have darker skin tone. For instance, that is an argument in India due to the Fair and Lovely advertisement. The advertisement showed a young, dark-skinned girls father lamenting he had no son to provide for him, as his daughters salary was not high enough the suggestion being that she could neither get a better job or get married because of her dark skin. (BBC News, 2003) This advertisement has an overwhelming responces. According to Luce and Merchant (2003), 90% of Indian women want to use whitening product and that is a phenomenal trend growth in the number of skin-lightening products. In their perception, fair skin represent good education and more likely to marry well. However, some of the sociologists and academics pointed out that is not only a wrong moral value, but also pollute the young generations mind. . (BBC News, 2003) According to Lipsitz (1998, p. 3), the power of whiteness depended not only on white hegemony over separate racialized groups, but also on manipulating racial outsiders to fight against one another, to compete with each other for white approval, and to seek the rewards and privileges of whiteness for themselves at the expense-literally-of other racialized populations. 2.2.4 Advertising in general for these products Television, radio station, internet, and even outdoors advertising are categorized as broadcast media. The different promotional tools will deliver different benefits to the advertisers. Due to this reasons, majority of global advertising adopting more than one type of advertising tool to promote their product 2.2.5 Print advertisement Print advertising defined as the dissemination of advertising messages using visual, printed item, such as newspapers, catalogs, mailers, flyers and magazine advertisement. (Jade, nd) Under the strong competition with other broadcast media, such as television and radio, print advertisement still place an important role to the advertiser. Compare with other broadcast media, print advertisement allow to present more detailed information. By the way, print advertisement such as newspaper and magazine refer as a high involvement of media, it means printed advertisement is more selectivity and it can help the company reach the specific target readers and customers. 2.2.6 Magazine advertisement Through magazine advertisement, the company can reach the certain target market in and educated the reader about the product knowledge in the short period. Besides, the cost of the advertising on magazine is much cheaper compare with other communication tool, such as television and radio. From the 1880s onwards, advertising has played a vital role in shaping the form and content of womens magazines. And, it has a clear and strong relationship between advertising and womens magazines. Besides, magazines were designed as forums for national advertisements aimed for women. According to Veronica (2010), there is no indication for change in the near future as the pattern has existed for more than 100 years. Magazines advertisement is essential tool for marketer because it provides a forum for gender targeted advertising. Marketer can effectively deliver their message to the target audiences. According to McCracken (1993), womens magazines refer as a powerful advertising medium since advertising occupies up to 95 per cent of the space in some womens magazines, earning these publications the more appropriate title, womens advertising magazines. Womens magazines, are a sphere of activity that readers view as an area of freedom, free choice and free time (McCracken 1993) and the advertising within creates new wants and needs. The statement from McCracken (1993) indicates the high readership for women magazines. The role of women magazines is slowly changing to the storytelling mechanism of society because of the increase of advertising material. (Jhally 2000: 30). 2.3 Variable 2.3.1 Size of the advertisement In general, the options of the size of the magazine classified into half page, one page, double page or more than two pages.(Pu, Y,R, 2003) According to McCracken (1993), women magazines contained 50%-60% of full-page advertisement. There large size of the advertisement provides a clearer advertisement detail and advertiser more easily to correct it. In the recent article, one of the researcher, double page of the advertisement can attract more one-quarter of reader than one page and one page of size advertisement can attract more one-third reader than half page. (Print Ad Placement, 2011) Some of the marketer will prefer half page size of advertisement, if they faced the tight budget problem. In the research study of L. Wasylkiw, A.A. Emms, R. Meuse, K.F. Poirier, (2009), the one page size of the advertisement are majority which is 85%. This may due to the price of advertising is reasonable and it is more easily to attract attention. 2.3.2 Advertising layout In the study conducted by (Anna, P, Peter, W, 2006) states that are 3 components in term of layout consists in the printed advertisement, which are visual information, verbal information and brand name. Different of advertisement layout reflect the different characteristic of product. According to the study of Pu, N, R, (2003), the author found that both personal and cosmetic product present their advertisement with visual and copy layout. In general, visual consider as visual element and copy defined as words. This may due to the visual element in the advertisement can serve to the visualization and verbal element serve to the verbalization. 2.3.3 Advertising copy elements Advertisement is a tool that used by marketers to deliver the intended message to their targeted customer. It is crucial to ensure the concept of the advertisement fit with the overall marketing objectives. For print advertisement, display copy and body copy are the two elements of copy sheet. (Anna, P; Peter, W, 2006) As defined by Wells et al (2006), display copy is the entire element that the reader able to see at the first glance, such as headlines, subhead lines, taglines and slogans. In general, headline is the words in the leading position of the advertisement and it also reflects as selling idea in the advertisement. (Anna, P; Peter, W, 2006; Major elements of copy for copywriting, nd) Usually, headlines of the advertisement presented in the large size and obvious position. With the aims of enhance the readability of the message, sub headlines normally presents in the new paragraphs with larger size and bold type. (Anna, P; Peter, W, 2006) Body copy defines as the text with smaller size typed which to provide a clear and further explanation about the product. (Anna, P; Peter, W, 2006) According to the Anna, P and Peter, W (2006), slogan regarded as a motto for a campaign, brand and company. To increase the probability to recall the advertisement, marketer usually integrated the slogan in the advertisement, to better address the products attribute. (Advertising Strategy, nd) 2.3.4 Color Color is a powerful element which represent for brand identification, feature reinforcement and differentiation. (Anna, P, Peter, W, 2006) Other than that, vibrancies of color also more easily to catch the attention of the audience, provide realism, establish moods and build brand identity. (Anna, P, Peter, W, 2006) According to the Pamela S. Schindler (1986), color advertisement had the higher response rate and better recall probability when compare with the dull blank and white advertisement. In the other aspects, color can be classified to warm color tone, cool color tone and earth color tone. Red, orange and yellow are the example of warm color tone; green, blue and violet are present in cool color tone and earth color tone reflects neutral color. The different colors always associated with different characteristics. Due to the same advertising pattern, some of the color associated in the characteristics of femininity, cultural interpretations or even emotional responses. (Pamela S. Schindler, 1986) For instance, the use of the color red symbolizes love and passion, while the color white generally signifies purity and virginity. (Pawlowski, 2007) Pink is seen to be very feminine which can also be deemed as sexual while pastel type coloring generally refers to non-sexual. (Pawlowski, 2007) 2.3.5 Visual element The roles of visual element in the advertisement not only for catches the attention of reader, but also importance of creating brand awareness and brand beliefs (John R. Rossiter, 1982) According to Kosslyn and Alper, 1977; Kosslyn, 1980, larger size of the visual element can produce the better learning . And, other than memory responses, the visual size also influence on the evaluative responses. (Rossiter and Percy (1978; 1980) and Mitchell and Olson (1977; 1981) 2.3.6 Language Today, English is regarded as an international language. It acts as an important and common language in the world, you can used English in every part corner of world. The statement proved by 72 of in flight-magazine around the world used English as main language. (Veronica, 2010) Although English is a universal language, but the advertiser of some countries, such as Taiwan, South Korean, and United States still prefer their local language to present the message of the advertisement. (Jaehee, J Lee, Y,J, 2009; Veronica, M, S, 2010) As global company advertises their product globally, the languages they used are vary according to the social context. They are usually ignoring the local nuance, and translate directly from their original copy. (Veronica, 2010) Communication with customers is essential in the marketing perspective. The local language can integrate with the local community effortless. In the multi cultural country such as Singapore and Malaysia, there is a diverse market opportunity for each of the races. Hence, by targeting different group of customers, the publisher have to publish different languages of magazines to better address the need and wants of the different groups of people. By publishing different languages of magazines, they can better deliver the message to their reader by the languages that they are familiar to. 2.3.7 Type of Appeal Generally, there are two type of appeal which is rational appeals and emotional appeals. In advertising, rational appeals defined as the element used to motivate consumers through information and logical arguments. (Jeon, George, Bruce, Joseph, 1999) Visual elements were coded as rational if the advertisement contained picture of the brand, before and after comparisons, product demonstrations, or comparatives portraying the competition. The use of rational appeals can be apply by reduce the uncertainly requires, distinct logical, and direct information from the communicator. (Zandpour etal. 1994) Nevertheless, emotional appeals reflect the images and feelings to mold consumers perceptions toward the brand. Among the emotional appeal are storytelling, metaphors, and aesthetics. (Jeon, George, Bruce, Joseph, 1999) Advertising appeal usage can be applied in different product types. According to Cutler and Javalgi (1993), the overall content of the advertisement can be categories into rational, emotional or both. In the past research, the authors found that advertisement for durable goods tend to presents more information than advertisement for nondurable goods. (Abernethy and Franke 1996) However, service advertisement is more emphasize on emotional appeals. (Abernethy and Butler 1992; Cutler and Javalgi 1993) In the research conducted by Golden and Johson (1983), they examined the impact of thinking versus feeling appeal in print ads on various measures of advertising effectiveness. The author defined thinking appeal as appealing to the rationality of the receiver, and feeling appeal as creating a mood and appealing to the emotions. (Golden and Johson, 1983) In this study, they concluded that the underlying reason for the popularity of thinking appeals is the rich of product information, and elicit higher purchasing intentions. (Golden and Johson, 1983) According to a research conducted by McGuire (1969), he denied the effectiveness of emotional appeal in the advertisement after directly comparing the rational and emotional appeal from the advertisement. Based on his research, neither of the rational and emotional appeal outperform of each other. The core idea behind this is that emotional message can also be rational, and vice versa 2.3.8 Product Categories Product categories in the advertisement can be divided into 22 categories. (Nelson Paek 2007) Beauty product was defined broadly, which consisted cosmetic, jewelry and clothing. In addition, special group of products such as womens apparel, perfume and cosmetic categories occupy large portion of total marketing costs. (Veronica, 2010) In the recent study, the authors classified apparel product, perfuse and cosmetics as self-image projective product. (Veronica, 2010) The targeted market segment would affect the marketing strategies applied in different market. (Veronica, 2010) In the other researches, product categories can be categories into hedonic or utilitarian element. (Crowley, 1992) Hedonic products are primarily related to sensory attributes and concentrate on consumatory effective gratification whereas utilitarian products are mainly associated with functional and non-sensory attributes and focus on fulfillment of instrumental needs. (Crowley, 1992) According to the research of Jung and Lee (2009), Korean and United Stated beauty magazines consisted a lot of body-related products than non-body related products advertisement, with a ratio 91.1 to 8.9. The body-related products include clothing, beauty product, diet services, and accessories. 2.3.9 Product origin The country of production has certain degree of influence on the consumers decision making process. Zhou (2004) provided some evidence in study that Chinese consumer is willing to pay more on the western product, mainly because of the common belief to reflex the prestige and social status. There is some opposite point of view from Nelson(2004). He stated that there is growing population who are supporting the local product and cultural identity. 2.3.10 Whitening function of the product Skin whitening product is a global trend throughout the world. There is a huge market opportunity for Europe, Asia and the United States market. (Deirdre, B, Helen, C, Mark, D, nd) According Ashikari (2005), whitening and lighten product growth rapidly in Asia which influence by the Asian wealth and growing consumer cultures. Mostly, the whitening function of product can classified to UV features, whitening effect and function in both way.UV features of product can decrease the damage and protect the skin from ultraviolet rays and long time exposure under the sun. In additional, the role of whitening effect shows the product focus on lightening complexion of womens skin, which from the yellow or darker skin color to white and fair skin color. (Johanson, 1998) The example of products with whitening effect are Kose, Za, Olay, Lancome, Nivea and Sk II, normally we can found it in shopping mall. With the trend of whiteness, a lot of companies introduce a lot of whitening and UV function of product, and then customer can kills 2 birds with one stone with the multi-functional product. 2.3.11 Degree of sun protection factor (SPF) In the market, there is a lot of cosmetic and skin care product contained sun protection factor (SPF), which can protect our skin from the direct ray from the sun. The different degrees of SPF have different functions. In the research conducted by Autier et al. (1999), they assessed the impact of the 2 different degree of sunscreen sun protection factor (SPF) of unlabeled product on the duration of sun exposure in two groups of young people. They concluded that the volunteers who used SPF 30 were exposure 25% longer than these who used SPF 10. The result of the finding is not surprising. The doubt in this research is on the basis of increased exposure, there was no difference in sunburn or skin-reddening episodes in the two study groups. 2.3.12 Origin of model Model can be classified into different ethnic groups, such as Asian (Chinese/ East Asian, Malay or Indian), Caucasian, or mixed. In the study by (Eric P. H. Li, Hyun,J.M, Kimura, J, Russell, W. B, Bahl, S, 2008; Cheng, H, Katherine, F, Shaw, P, 2005; ), authors found that most of the Asian beauty product advertisements using Caucasian model. The underlying reason is the globally recognized beauty standard. According to Goon and Craven, the popularity of Caucasian and Eurasian models reflects the postcolonial structure of commoditization and consumerism and is still influenced by a colonial past. In the other study, it also revealed 70.2% Caucasian model was used frequently in Korean advertisement to promote their product. (Jaehee, J, Lee, Y, J, 2009) This phenomenon happened because the fair skin has been aggressively marketed across Asian culture over this past decade. According to (Sean, R, 2003), white women with those characteristics such as lean, pure and radiant images are representing the feminine ideal and identification. Whiteness also presumes the ideas of purity, integrity, decency and auspiciousness. (Russell, Wilson, and Hall 1992; Sean, R, 2003) By the way, model of the advertisement always plays an important role to deliver the message to the targeted audiences and it pervasive to our daily life. The particular magazines readers will project themselves as the models appear in the magazines advertisement, which enable them to make a positive impact to them, and inevitably make a good evaluation to the product. Besides, the researchers also found that Caucasian women were more willing presented in sexual portrayals which compare with Asian women. (Cheng, H, Katherine, F, Shaw, P, 2005; Christina N. Baker1, 2005) This reason may due to the Asian women are influence by the Confucian culture and philosophy of them has not yet been prepared. (Cheng, H, Katherine, F, Shaw, P, 2005) 2.3.13 Demographics of model Age of the model of the advertisement also acts as a factor influence the consumer behavior. (Chang, C, C, 2008) People are keen to be fresh, beauty and look younger than their actual age. If the model of the advertisement is forties or old featured, then the young generation of consumer may categorized the product as not for me based on this factor. (Chang, C, C, 2008) The result analysis of Women Stereotypes Portrayed in Print Ads by Luxury Fashion Brands found that most of the young model are majority in the advertisement of magazine which is 72.7% (15 and 30 years old). (Carlos, M, M, Paloma, D, S, 2008) 2.3.14 Celebrities Used Celebrity endorsement is the growing trend in the magazine advertisement. A celebrity endorser is defined as any individual who enjoys public recognition and who uses this recognition on behalf of a consumer good by appearing with it in an advertisement. (McCracken 1989, pg. 310). Credibility and attractiveness are the two important criteria to improve the persuasiveness of the advertisement. Hence, the companies are strike to determine the element of credibility and attractiveness to present their advertisement to public. (Kahle and Kahle 2006). Furthermore, Friedman and Friedman (1979) showed that celebrities endorsement is more eyes catching than expert or typical consumer endorsers in advertisement recall and brand name recall, in spite of the product type. In the other research also showed there are a positive effect between adolescents word-of-mouth intentions and brand loyalty among the celebrity sports athletes. (Bush, Martin, and Bush 2004) Besides, female teenagers word-of-mouth intentions are more affected by female celebrities than male celebrities, and female teenagers agree more than male teenagers that they are affected by celebrities in buying certain brands. (Bush, Martin, and Bush 2004) By applying attribution theory, Mowen (1980) used it to explain on the effectiveness of celebrity endorsement. The effectiveness of celebrity endorsement is largely correlated to the consumers willingness to understand the causal reasons for a celebrity to endorse the product. The celebrity endorsement strategy works best if consumers think that the celebrity endorses the product because the celebrity can symbolize the product, rather than the financial incentives. Mowen (1980) Furthermore, Asian celebrity perceived their success is highly related to their fair skin. (Eric, Hyun, Russel, Junko, Shalini, 2008) 2.3.15 Appearance of model Based on the research conducted by Thomas and Treiber (2000), the advertisers prefer to use gorgeous model to represent their product. It can indirectly inform the reader they can as beautiful as the model after them using the product. In the research study named Real Beauty in Advertising: Fab or Fad, appearance was the main subject. It usually used to refer the link between the usage of the particular product and the consequences after of using that product. According to the research, model likes to apply the heavy makeup, such as applied lipstick and particular perfume to become more attractiveness and appeal to public (Reichert Lambaise, 2003, p126). 2.3.16 Apparel of model There are different degree dressing of the model, however nudity of the model becomes a rising trend in the advertisement of the magazines; it also associated with the idea of sexual attractiveness. (Bridgette Desmond, nd) Generally, there are 4 categories of the nudity which are demure, suggestive, partially clad and nude. (Jaehee, J, Lee, Y, J, 2009) According to (Jaehee, J, Lee, Y, J, 2009 Reichert, T, Carpenter, C, 2004), demure dress was defined as everyday dress which included walking shorts, but excluded short-shorts or underwear. Suggestive dress defined as partially exposed the upper body, such as unbuttoned blouses or muscle shirts. (Jaehee, J, Lee, Y, J, 2011; Reichert, T, Carpenter, C, 2004), According to the studies conducted by scholars, Models were considered partially clad if they were shown in underwear or bathing suits. (Jaehee, J, Lee, Y, J, 2011; Reichert, T, Carpenter, C, 2004) Nude was represent models were holding only a towel or if the photograph was composed so that genitals were concealed. (Jaehee, J, Lee, Y, J, 2011; Carpenter, C, Reichert, T, 2004) Sex approach is more appeal to the male consumer, given the evidence that in year 2003, four out of five women who are appeared in the advertisement were suggestively dress, partially clad, or nude. (Bridgette Desmond, nd) An interesting study conducted by the Desmond, B (2008) stated that society nowadays becomes more sexually explicit and adapt with the high degree nudity level in the advertisement. Even so, there are some the magazines also prefer demure dress, since they target the wider variety of groups. (Bridgette Desmond, nd) 2.3.17 Hairstyle of model In the judgment female beauty, hair color, hair length, and hair style plays a vital role in positive rating on attractiveness. In the research of Mbure, 2009, 63.6% of models, 63.6% had long hair length, and 36.4% of model had short hair length. Besides, in the same research, the author found that 70.8% of model had straight hair and 29.2% of model non-straight hair style, such as kinky, wavy, medium curly, braided and so on. (Mbure, 2009) 2.3.18 Degree of models whitening Skin color stratification is a crucial sociological issue, which included the difference between lightness and darkness of skin tone. (Micaela, 2005) According to Hunter (2002), light skin tone works as capital to women. Moreover, it symbolizes status, educated person, and high income. Light skin tone also associated with sexual attractiveness. In her analysis, it showed that light skin of African American women represent the higher personal earnings and higher spousal status. According to the other research, the author found that prominent models were more likely prefer to be light skin tone than medium skin tone or dark skin tone. However, models minority were less likely to be seen in the workplace than whites but more likely to be portrayed in leisure places and school than whites. Low volumes of studies emphasize on the interpretation of white beauty idea among Asian female. Meanwhile, Sahay Piran (1997) also revealed that the desire to be light skinned was higher the darker am ong South Asian-Canadian females. In the research title Comparisons of Cosmetic Advertisements: Strategies for cultural adaptation in Womens Magazines in Taiwan also shown that most models in Nong-Nong and Elle Taiwan magazines were displayed in a light skin tone; regardless whether the model was western or Asian looks. (Pu, Y, R, 2003) Furthermore, in another research also reflects that light skin tone is ideals in advertising. It were advanced using a diversify of strategies consisting the promotion of benefits related to skin lightening such as skin related (e.g. Increased moisture), emotional (e.g. Increased self confidence) and relational/social (e.g. increased attention from the opposite sex). Mak (2007) Furthermore, among 58 models, 30 models were light skinned, 16 models had medium brown skin tone (mid-point of dark and light brown) and only 9 models were dark skinned. (Mbure, 2009) 2.3.19 Most frequently shown body part Study of Carlos, M, M, Paloma, D, S, (2008) defined human body as dressed body, and the external appearance, such as hand, neck and face play an important role of the first impression while meeting someone. On the same time, different kind of body part shown in the magazines advertisement conveyed the different kind of messages that convey messages to the magazines reader. Most often, marketer emphasized certain body display based on the product categories, such as face with skin care product or upper body part with body care product. In the recent study, researchers found that the advertisement in Korea and Taiwan more focus on the models face rather than body. (Jaehee, J, Lee, Y.J, 2009) 2.3.20 Number of models Number of model in the advertisement plays crucial roles to present the product message. That is a significant relationship between th