Essay on Psychopathology and Abnormal Psychology Essay Example for Free

Essay on Psychopathology and Abnormal Psychology Essay One of the most controversial aspects of society throughout history can be seen in the way society views people with illnesses. Often times, people persecute their fellowmen just because they do not seem â€Å"normal† or they seem to â€Å"not belong† with the current society. These problems have led to the development of a branch of psychology which aimed to look at the causes and other related information that formed these mental illnesses. This branch of psychology came to be known as abnormal psychology. Abnormal psychology is that segment of the field which studies mental illnesses and abnormal behavior. The field covers problems such as depression, obsession, and even sexual deviation. The field also traced the symptoms, etiology, effects, and how these illnesses are maintained. Before we study abnormal psychology though, we must first look into what people see as abnormal. Historically, many of the earliest civilizations attribute mental disorders and illnesses as manifestations of evil spirits; some even have practices which remove parts of the skull using primitive tools as a means of releasing these evil spirits. As time progressed though, people such as priests, shamans, and witch doctors have been employed to supposedly rid these individuals of the â€Å"malicious† spirits which inhabit their bodies. During the times of the Greeks and the Romans, diagnosing and identifying mental illnesses have become more scientific. However, during this period, mystical and supernatural explanations still prevail over the ideas of modern science. One example is Homer, according to him, mental illnesses are caused by God, taking away the minds of the victims. It is not until Hippocrates wrote numerous accounts, journals, essays, papers and other scholarly work that made the study more scientific. In his papers, Hippocrates wrote about things such as psychosis, mania, phobias, and paranoia. His theory, however, still is flawed because he attributed the illnesses to four fluids in the human body: black and yellow bile, phlegm, and blood. During the middle ages, more horrifying and disturbing accounts were given, According to studies, during this period, people with mental illnesses were classified as witches, and they were â€Å"hunted† so as to rid them of the physical world. It was further justified by the writing of the Malleus Malifacarum (Withc’s Hammer) in 1486. In 1563, a person by the name of Jahann Weyer wrote a book called De Praestigiis Daemonum (The Deception of Demons). The book discredited the beliefs that demons were the culprits in mental illnesses and instead brought out the point that natural causes may indeed result in abnormal behavior. He also looked at the possibility of the use of drugs as sparks which caused these said disorders. With his work, the study of mental abnormalities became more humanitarian and started to look for treatment, rather than damnation, for its victims. In 1769, Benjamin Rush, a professors of chemistry and medicine at the college of Philadelphia became the father of American psychiatry. He instituted reform by putting into action several changes such as better ventilation, separation and classification of violent and non-violent patients, and created programs for recreation catering to the patients who suffer from mental illness. By 1880, Dorthea Dix, a schoolteacher from Boston started a campaign which led to the opening of 32 psychiatric hospitals which prioritized the poor and the needy. Several other prominent people paved the way for the contemporary notion of psychopathology. Emil Kraeplin was the one who introduced to society different classifications of mental disorders. This led the way to a closer relationship between medicine and psychiatry. The classification focused on two important groups – the praecox or what is no known as the schizophrenics, and the manic-depressive psychopaths. He believed that these illnesses were caused by chemical imbalance and irregularities in other aspects of the person such as one’s metabolism. Another important person which helped develop the field of study was Clifford Beers. Beers himself suffered a mental breakdown but was able to overcome it. Upon his recovery, he wrote a book which he titled A Mind That Found Itself. Beers and his book were responsible for the foundation of the National Committee for Mental Hygiene, a branch of government which worked to prevent illnesses as well as make sure that any treatment conducted is classified as humane. Today, abnormal psychology focuses on the 4 D’s, these are distress, dysfunction, deviance, and danger. One should note though, that these 4 d’s are seen as judgments, not objective behavior. First of all is dysfunction. Dysfunction is defined as a difficult or abnormal function. In psychology, one of the most popular diseases caused by a dysfunction of the brain is schizophrenia. This disorder is caused by enlarged ventricles, reduced blood flow to the frontal lobe, and an excess of dopamine. Schizophrenia is a chronic disorder that is characterized by people who talk to themselves, yell at someone else which seem imaginary, and other symptoms. Another aspect of the psychopathology is distress. Distress in psychology can lead to numerous diseases, most popular of which are anorexia and bulimia. Often times, people who develop these conditions see it as a way of coping with negative emotions or painful feelings. Traumatic events in a person’s life may also trigger disorders in eating. Danger results in one of the most overlooked psychological disorder in an individual. Often times, notions of fear will develop into anxiety. Anxiety, unlike normal fear, can be characterized by four inherent characteristics. First of all, it is defined by a specific target; secondly, anxiety is experienced in response to the target of fear; third, the target feared by the individual is avoided; and finally anxiety tends to be more chronic. One of the most interesting in the 4 d’s is deviance. We might see something as deviant behavior, but we do not know is that this deviant behavior for us is the deviant’s â€Å"normal† function. This is why this is the most blurred classification out of all of the things that we characterize as abnormal. From here, there are three important viewpoints which look at mental disorders and their causes. These three models are the biological, psychosocial, and the socio-cultural models. First of all, the biological model looks at the brain as the cause of the abnormal behavior. According to proponents of this model, mental disorders are caused by the different chemical imbalances in the brain, and as such, leads to the difference in a person’s behavior. The socio-cultural approach looks at the role that society plays with regards to human behavior. According to its proponents, society and culture play a major role in determining if an individual will be labeled as â€Å"mentally ill† or has a mental disorder. Often times, this is where social deviance is seen; this is due to the idea that one is deviant for a culture may be the norms of the other. Finally, the psychosocial approach looks at underlying influences which are often times unconscious. This approach looks at the childhood and past experiences of the victim. Proponents of this approach are Sigmund Freud and Josef Brener. The approach theorizes that the disorder occurs when the individual becomes â€Å"fixated† to the stage wherein the negative experience has occurred. Looking at these evolutions in the field of abnormal psychology, it becomes positive enough that the approach, which was more of spiritual during earlier times, transforms itself into a more rational field of study. More importantly, these approaches lead us not to discriminate people with these disorders, but rather try to understand them and help them get better. Bibliography Abnormal Psychology. Blackwell Publishing. Retrieved April 10, 2009 from http://www. blackwellpublishing. com/intropsych/pdf/chapter15. pdf What is Abnormal Psychology? About. com. Retrieved April 10, 2009 from http://psychology. about. com/od/glossaryfromatoz/g/abnormalpsyc. htm Harris, Kevin. History of Abnormal Psychology. History of Psychology. Retrieved April 10, 2009 from http://www3. niu. edu/acad/psych/Millis/History/mainsheet. htm Bickard, Mark. The Nature of Psychopathology. Retrieved April 10, 2009 from http://www. lehigh. edu/~mhb0/psychopath. html

The Popularity of E-mail Essay -- Internet Communication Web email Ess

The Popularity of E-mail E-mail in one way or another plays a role in just about everyone's life. Just about everyone has a computer and uses it to communicate. E-mailing and instant messaging is easy and almost necessary for people in today's world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  E-mailing and instant messaging definitely plays a large role in my life. In all honesty one of the first things I do in the morning is get up and check my e-mail to see if anyone has sent me a message. It's become a routine for me. I get up get ready for school and chick my messages just like many of my friends and a good portion of today's world.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Personally I think that sending e-mails and instant messaging is great as long as you don?t let yourself get too caught up with it. I usually check my mail when I first wake up and before I go to bed at night. I see no problem with that, but I have friends and family members that spend a good portion of there day sitting in front of there computer screen just sending e-mails back and forth. Its almost like the computer has control of them, they sit and wait to receive a short message from a friend just to send one back.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In ?We?ve Got Mail Always?, Andrew Leonard talks about how many people in today isolate themselves in front of the computer and essentially waste there whole day away. While this is true he also says it can be used to bring people together and help us manage our lives better. The computer definitely has its ups and downs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In a l...

Comparison between devised play and Hot Money Essay

For our second scripted play we had to perform the farcical comedy ‘Hot Money.’ This comedy is about two unintelligent bank robbers who get lost and end up finding themselves in a rundown manor. The Lord and Butler of the manor arrive home to find a suitcase of money and they both scheme to take it. The play ends with the blowing up of the house and money. My contribution to the performance was as the Butler, ‘Phelps.’ I contributed to the main farcical comedy of the piece mainly through my actions. I stay in role throughout the piece even when the audience found parts amusing. The main similarity between ‘Zoolander’ and ‘Hot Money’ is that they are both comedies and for the purpose of entertaining people. However ‘Hot Money’ being a farce made the play more extravagant and unlikely situations to happen. It had broad physical humour, and deliberate absurdity and nonsense. An example of this is when the house is blown up with Phelps inside; although the house has blown up I still remain unharmed. ‘Zoolander’ also contained elements of a farce as it is a parody it imitates another work in order to ridicule, ironically comment on, or poke some affectionate fun at the work itself. For example when Derek ‘Zoolander’ imitates the stereotypical male model of the 21st century. ‘Hot Money’ was set in the 1920’s however we performed the play as a whole with the characters more stereotypical of people’s views rather than how the characters would have been in the 1920’s. This made our play was appropriate for any time period between the 1920’s and now. However ‘Zoolander’ is a modern film set in the 21st century and a parody of male fashion models and the people who work within that industry. There are also similarities in the themes of the plays. For a start both plays contain characters that are essentially making fun of themselves unintentionally. However, one of the differences is that the society of ‘Hot Money’ ranges from the lower class stereotypical bank robbers to the very upper class Lord of the Manor, with these vastly different worlds of rich and poor both depicted in the play it meant that the audience could be amused by people who are higher up in society than them and people who were also lower down. In contrast, the society of ‘Zoolander’ is, at its richest level. It contains rich male models, prime ministers and the fashion designer Mugatu. However the richness and upper-class of these characters contrast with their own stupidity and self humiliation. As ‘Hot Money’ is set in the outskirts of London all the characters within this play are Londoners. The lower class had the cockney accent of 1920’s and the upper class characters had an aristocratic accent. In contrast, the society of ‘Zoolander’ is of the typical Americans as it is set in New York, America. ‘Zoolander’ being a film has had many retakes and editing, this makes the film seem more polished and perfected than our play, ‘Hot Money.’ These retakes and editing make the film seem more effective and amusing to watch to an audience. However as we were not able to retake or edit any of our play as it was performed live, this may have affected how effective it was to an audience but on the other hand as it was performed live it may have made the play seem more effective as people prefer to watch things live than on a television screen. There are many differences and similarities in the characters represented in ‘Hot Money’ and ‘Zoolander.’ Both contain characters which are comical to an audience, unintelligent and make fun of themselves unintentionally. The stupidity of many characters including Derek ‘Zoolander’ in ‘Zoolander’ and Bert in ‘Hot Money’ are represented by their slow speech and length of time to react to other people and to react to happenings around them. However ‘Zoolander’ does surprisingly contain sharp witted characters such as Mugatu characterised by there quick come backs and intelligence. ‘Zoolander’ is very affective to an audience although as it is very over the top not all audiences may find it amusing, this is also true for ‘Hot Money.’ In conclusion to this essay, I would like to say that I have learnt a lot about the difference between the two different comedies and the difference between a film and a play. At first there seemed to be a big difference between a farcical comedy and a parody but now I can there are many similarities as well.

Graduation: Black People and Negro National Anthem Essay

Graduation is one of the most memorable moments in a lifetime. Maya Angelou’s graduation was an exciting moment, yet it was a very hurtful experience because of racism/segregation. This badly affects Angelou at her graduation. The overall point in Graduation is racism and segregation. Her choice of words is very powerful and emotional: It was awful to be a Negro. It was brutal to be young ad already trained to sit quietly and listen to charges brought against my color with no chance of defense. We should all be dead. I thought I should like to see us all dead, one on top of the other. A pyramid of flesh with white folks on the bottom as the broad base, then the Indians with their silly tomahawks and teepees and wigwams and treaties, the Negros with their mops and recipes and cotton sacks and spiritual sticking out of their mouths. The Dutch children should all stumble in their wooden shoes and break their necks. The French should choke to death on the Louisiana Purchase (1803) white silkworms ate all the Chinese with their stupid pigtails. As a species, we were an abomination. All of us. (110) This explains her emotions about racism, and how horrible it is. She closes it off by saying we are all the same species, and no one is different. This proves she believes racism is wrong. Because of segregation, the white schools are totally different from the black schools. Angelou defines the overall point by comparing the white schools to the black schools:†Unlike the white high school, Lafayette County Training School distinguished itself from having neither lawn, nor hedges, nor tennis court, nor climbing ivy† (103). This reveals what kind of luxuries the white schools had and how unfair the education system was. When Donleavy, a white man comes to speak at the graduation he focuses on the improvements coming to the schools. The white schools had new academics and classroom equipment and the black schools had new tool boxes and athletic equipment. The writer refers to her anger as if African Americans could not achieve anything academic or intellectual. Donleavy is also a racist, â€Å"The white kids were going to have a chance to become Galileos and Madame Curies and Edisons and Gauguins, and our boys would try to be Jesse Owenses and Joe Louises† (109). Angelou dramatizes an experience involving segregation and racism. At the graduation, the graduates expect certain things to happen, The National Anthem, the Pledge of Allegiance and the â€Å"Negro National Anthem†: â€Å"The song every black person knew called the Negro National Anthem. All done in the same key, with the passion and most often standing on the same foot† (108). This proves there is segregation in this time period because they sing their own song, which makes them feel separate from the nation. In the beginning of the ceremony, Angelou was thrilled to graduate. Once Donleavy speaks, the African Americans lose hope, â€Å"The man’s dead words fell like bricks around the auditorium and too many settled in my belly† (110). Donleavy is unconscious about the effect on his words: Graduation, the hush-hush magic time of frills and gifts and congratulations and diplomas, was finished for me before my name was called. The accomplishment was nothing. The meticulous maps, drawn in three colors of ink, learning and spelling decasyllabic words, memorizing the whole of The Rape of Lucrece- it was for nothing. Donleavy had exposed us. (110) After Donleavy’s speech the writer understands the words to the â€Å"Negro National Anthem† for the first time, because of how badly he put down the African Americans. To get the overall point, Angelou leads the readers as if they were sitting alongside her at her graduation. She describes the black community, and the graduating class. Angelou starts out the essay by describing the community in Stamps: â€Å"The children in Stamps trembled visibly with anticipation. Some adults were excited too, but to be certain the whole young population had come down with graduation epidemic† (103). She also describes the teachers, â€Å"Even the teachers were respectful to the now quiet and aging seniors, and tended to speak to them, if not as equals, as beings only slightly lower than themselves† (103). She uses effective similes to make the story come to life, â€Å"But the graduating classes themselves were nobility. Like travelers with exotic destinations on their minds, the graduates were remarkably forgetful† (103). This makes the readers understand the graduates’ excitement, and how they were forgetful of the aspect of life, like to bring their books to school. As travelers with exotic destinations, the graduates have their whole future ahead of them, full of exotic experiences. She also uses another simile to describe herself on her graduation day: â€Å"I was going to be lovely. A walking model of all the various styles of fine hand sewing and it didn’t worry me that I was only twelve years old and merely graduating from eight grade† (105). She was so happy and filled with joy because of the accomplishments she had made, in which she felt beautiful like a model.

Italian Immigration essays

Italian Immigration essays There were many reasons why the Italians choose to make the long journey to America. They faced many hardships in their motherland and decided to travel to the new world. The Italians had been having the problem of owning their own land, most landlords had control of the land. These landlords would charge high rent for the Italians that lived in his houses. Many Italians had to deal with working for low wages; they were treated poorly and were paid poorly also. In 1870 to 1900 production of foodstuffs except for fresh fruit, tomatoes, and vegetables slowed, thus mal nutrition spread throughout Italy. Also around this time also natural disasters were causing many Italians to Immigrate To be able to come to America all Italians would need to have money for a boat ticket. For most people money was a hard thing to come by. The boat captains didnt allow you to take any luggage on the boat because they were trying to get as many people on board as possible. All you had when you got on the boat was your clothes you were wearing and thats about it. Some of the Immigrants brought a few dry goods to eat on the ride but most only had the clothes on their backs. The boat ride was very packed, the air was hard to breath it smelled of dirty hay and sewage from the toilets. People were always getting sick and puking all over the floors because of sea sickness. Most people were put in the bottom of the boat and barely ever came out till they arrived in America. The journey took about 8-14 days to complete, this was the longest journeying they would possible ever make again. People became very ill on this journey due to the living conditions of the boat and diseases were easily spreading. Many people died because of their age and they became too ill to survive any longer. The first thing the Italian people saw on the boat when they arrived to America ...

UC San Diego Acceptance Rate: What Does it Take to Get In?

Part of the esteemed University of California System, the University of San Diego is located in the La Jolla neighborhood and home to 130 undergraduate majors across five disciplinary areas: arts & humanities, social sciences, engineering, biological science, and physical science. A unique aspect of UCSD is its â€Å"Sixth College† system, in which students are placed in colleges according to unique philosophies and named for great thinkers. When they apply, students rank the colleges in order of preference. With an admission rate of 30.2%, UCSD is a selective school that sits in the center of other UC schools in terms of difficulty of admission. So what does it take to get into the UCSD? Keep reading for ’s recommendations for creating a stand-out UCSD application profile. The majority of UCSD’s admits are from California. In 2016, 71% of the freshman class was comprised of California residents, with just 7% coming from out of state and 22% coming from out of the country. Now, the University of California system caps enrollment for out-of-state students. The percentage by school varies. UCSD strives for diversity: According to data from the same year (2016), 74% of the freshman class was made up of students of color and 29% was comprised of first-generation students. Broadly, UCSD defines the criteria for evaluation as: Finally, UCSD welcomes undocumented students, offering plenty of resources for these individuals.   UCSD defines the minimum coursework requirements as: Keep in mind that â€Å"recommended† coursework really means required except in unusual cases, so you should strive to meet or exceed these recommendations. UCSD is a rare university that states minimum GPA requirements for applicants. They are: These are merely minimums; many students greatly exceed these requirements, and having a higher GPA will improve your chances of admission. UCSD requires the SAT with critical reading, math, and writing or the ACT plus writing. You must submit scores from all your sittings. Don’t be too intimidated by this; many colleges that require you to submit all your scores will only record the highest. UCSD does state, however, that it will only take scores from the same sitting. The university also recommends taking all AP and IB exams associated with the courses, and you must submit scores directly from the College Board in order to receive course credit. International students whose native language is not English and non-native speakers must submit TOEFFL (83 minimum) or IELTS (7 minimum) scores as well. You must respond to four out of eight personal insights questions. For advice on writing these essays, check out ’s guide: How to Write the University of California Essay Prompts 2018-2019 . These questions are the same across all University of California undergraduate schools. Like the other UC colleges, UCSD does not accept the Common or Coalition Application. Instead, you must complete an application unique to the UC system. You must also submit your transcript. Keep in mind that letters of recommendation are not considered, and Music, Theatre & Dance, or Visual Arts program applicants may submit an optional portfolio or audition video. High School GPA: 4.02 – 4.28 ACT Composite Score: 28 – 34 ACT English Language Arts: 27 – 31 SAT Evidence-Based Reading & Writing: 640 – 730 SAT Mathematics: 660 – 790 SAT Essay: 16 – 18 (range reflects the middle 25%–75% range) Estimating your chance of getting into a college is not easy in today’s competitive environment. Thankfully, with our state-of-the-art software and data, we can analyze your academic and extracurricular profile and estimate your chances. Our profile analysis tool can also help you identify the improvement you need to make to enter your dream school. Excel in your coursework and standardized tests. You should aim to greatly exceed the minimum requirements for GPA, test scores, and coursework. The most competitive candidates will have scores at least in the 75% range and an above-average GPA for the admissions pool. Additionally, you should take a curriculum with plenty of honors and AP or IB courses to demonstrate that you challenge yourself. Demonstrate that you are a person of strong character . USCD describes personal qualities as one of its criteria for evaluation. Since teacher recommendations aren’t part of your application, you will need to demonstrate this on your own. That means showing how your values align with those of USCD and emphasizing your personal attributes as well as academic. This can come through in your extracurricular activities, such as a commitment to community service beyond the value it will add to your application and anecdotes in your application and essay, such as describing a time you stood up for the underdog or fought for what you know is right. Emphasize what sets you apart. UCSD prides itself on its diverse student body. That doesn’t mean you must have a minority background to be admitted, but you should have some â€Å" hook † that makes you stand out from the applicant pool. Perhaps you had an unusual upbringing. Maybe you speak multiple languages. Or your the first person in your family to attend college. Whatever it is, emphasize what makes you unique in your essay or other aspects of your application. There are numerous factors that affect your chances of admission to UCSD, but here are three steps you can take to increase them. Step 1 . Place emphasis on areas like extracurricular achievements and diverse and unusual circumstances. Your essays are an excellent place to do so. Step 2. Exceed minimum requirements. UC system schools are unusual in that they state the established minimum requirements for admissions. Use this information to your advantage. You should aim to exceed them substantially, particularly if you’re out of state. Step 3. Demonstrate your enthusiasm for UCSD. Of all the colleges in the UC system—and all the universities in the country—why does UCSD appeal to you in particular? Like most schools, the UCSD adcom wants to know that you want to go there in particular. USCD doesn’t have interviews, so you’ll need to demonstrate interest by visiting the college, getting on the mailing list for collateral, and signing up for online materials. You should also find ways of incorporating the college’s values, which should match your own, into your essays. Being denied admission to any college, particularly one of your top choices, is disappointing. Still, it’s important to take a step back and regroup. If you get rejected from USCD, here’s what you can do: Make sure your final list is well balanced among safety, target, and reach colleges . You’ll improve your chances of being admitted to multiple schools if you include several where you have a good or reasonable chance of acceptance. That includes other University of California schools. Since there are many UC colleges that have a higher admissions rate than USCD, you’ll increase your odds of being admitted to the UC system by applying to multiple UC schools. Since there is a single portal for all UC schools, you won’t have to spend significant time on these applications. If you had your heart set on UCSD or received bad news from the other colleges on your list, one option is to take a gap year and reapply next admissions cycle. If you do decide to go this route, make sure you have a plan for how to spend the year. You might undertake a research project, volunteer, study to improve your SAT scores, or take classes non-matriculated at a local college. Even if UCSD was your top choice, chances are, you’ll find a way to make a college that did accept you work. College really is what you make of it, and if you put effort into adjusting to another school by joining clubs, working hard in your classes, and cultivating a social life, you’ll likely find that you can make a fulfilling college experience for yourself, even if you end up at a college that wasn’t your top choice. When you sign up for our program, we carefully   pair you with the perfect admissions specialist based on your current academic and extracurricular profile and the schools in which you’re interested. Your personal application specialist will help you with branding, essays, and interviews, and provide you with support and guidance in all other aspects of the application process.

The Adoption of Integration of Information and Communication Essay

The Adoption of Integration of Information and Communication Technologies by Sainsburys - Essay Example Notably, the various reasons for executing the ICT by the business organisations include diminishing the transaction costs and ultimately raise the productivity and delivers instant connectivity which thereby improves the accuracy and transparency of the business organisations. Furthermore, the other valuable reasons also include enlarging the geographical scope of the potential markets for the business organisations, adequately accessing different products and commodities and ultimately raising the profitability of the business organisations (Picot & et. al., 2008). In this paper, the business organisation, i.e. Sainsbury’s, has been taken into concern. The main objective of this paper is to discuss regarding the self-service checkout which has been implemented by Sainsbury’s. The main reason behind this phenomenon has been related to attaining competitive advantage and it might also have been the case that they must have evaluated the previous processes and re-created it in order to attain success for the organisation. In addition, adequate execution of ICT that enhances the shopping process of Sainsbury’s and few concluding lines will also be portrayed in the discussion. The Chosen Organisation Sainsbury’s is regarded as one of the oldest retailers which was founded in London as its home city, in the year 1869. It is recognised as the third largest chain of supermarket prevailing in United Kingdom. Currently, it acquires a considerable market share of 16.5% in the global retail market. The company delivers broad variety of quality food commodities. In this regard, the vision of Sainsbury is to promote healthy consumptions along with... This essay stresses that the practical application of ICT has been apparently increasing in the current day phenomenon. It has also been recognised that most of the business organisations execute different types of technological equipments ensuring that those might raise as well as enhance the competitive position of the company in the long term. Similarly, in this context, Sainsbury’s which is one of the oldest and foremost retailing companies prevailing in the UK tends to execute ICTs such as self-serviced counters while operating the business functions. This paper makes a conclusion that the adequate implementation of the above discussed ICTs eventually raised the competitive advantage along with greater improvement in the business process of Sainsbury’s. Moreover, an innovative conception in relation to ICT has been prescribed for Sainsbury’s that would considerably enhance its business processes along with attaining competitive benefit over its competitors. Thus, it can be stated that Sainsbury’s can attain superior position in this competitive world along with sustaining its productivity through the execution of different types of ICT equipments to a significant extent. The company i.e. Sainsbury’s might enhance its working efficiencies through the application of improved self-service checkouts involving innovative technological equipments that ultimately would accelerate the efficiencies of the business procedural functions by a considerable level.